Author: Andre Coleman

Impact of tourism on wildlife

Since humans began to interact with animals they have always been fascinated by them. The animals give al, they live with there instincts and there way of living. If we see a animal that I hurt we want to help, and if one come up to you and look at you with there eyes that say I am hungry, how can you not help them? The way of using animals for tourist have been going on for many years. People having elephants that can do trick and monkeys that you can hold. Humans toke animals in to circuses and showed them of so that we could see that they were not that dangerous. So when humans al over the world got use to having animals in animals parks or at the circuses they need more. So to interact with animals in the wild was the next step, to have a photo of you feeding a cut koala or petting a tiger. That is were the wild life tourism is to day, with live interactions. The reason that it is big and that people want to do this thing is because over history with animals make us want to do things with them. Animals is a very good attraction (Reynolds and Brathwaite 2001), the travelling circuses knotweed that 100 of years ago, and it still works, have a interesting animal and people come for it. The easiest to show this is to think about what symbols is used with big companies to marketing there products for example the panda for WWF and the bull for red bull. The cute panda that everyone associates with helping the planet and a bull that make you think that drinking it makes you strong as a bull.

So in this essay we will be looking at the impact that the wildlife tourism have and have had on the animals.

Key points:

The negative effect wildlife tourism have on animals are the effects of feeding animals, cars in parking lots that might injury or kill animals and habitat changes. The positive effect is when the wildlife interactions are under proper supervision there will be a financial contribution, and also education to the tourist and the people helping. So to see why this effect are fighter negative or positive lets look deeper on the different aspects.

The wildlife tourisms biggest problem is when the animals get to used to being around people, when the peoples point with the trip is to get as close as possible, and in many cases to feed the animals (Orams 1996). What tourist do when they feed wild animals is that they changes there natural behaviors and then the future for the animals (Marint and R’eale 2007). What happens is that the young animals/ next generations learn from the beginning that humans give food. The adult animals will not teach the young ones how to find there oven food and they will relay on humans. So what happens when one animals attack for food and the managers forbid al feeding. How can the animals then find food if humans stop feeding them? Is this really the way we want the wild animals to behave? Do we want them to be pets as well, to have all the animals obeying the human? As already stated one problem with feeding animals is that they can become aggressive if they don’t get enough food, or that more dangerous animals come in to camping ground to find food from trashcans and in the peoples tenths and caravans. The one that suffer from this is not the humans, it is the animals, they can get bad food. They way to handle the animals that don’t fit in to the standards set by humans is to take them away. Ether by relocate them or to put them to sleep, humans have change the nature, and are saying that the nature have to follow the changes.

An other thing that can happen is that the animals get direct injury or death by cars (Green and Higginbottom 2000). That animals at parking lots that have gotten used to get food at cars will go up to the cars and them and get hit by them (wallabies on cradle mountain national park in Tasmania, skira and smith 1991). This is a big impact since in most cases the animals die, what can be done is that if it used to be a popular area to feed the animals to put up signs so that the new tourist know that they are not allowed to feed the animals. Also to show them that there are wild animals in the area so the look where they are going, it is hard to see behind the car, but if the people are more aware of the animals they might not miss them.

But Humans don’t only accidental kill the animals, they also interfering and go in to the animals habitats. That disturbs the animals behavior and inducing more stress in to there normal life (Green and Higginbottom 2000). There have been a lot of studys made that proves that when the animals here human, get photo taken of them and have cars stop close there stress levels get higher. So they then spend more energy on moving away from humans instead on their growth or reproduction (shaughnessy et.al 2008 and Courbis 2007). The main impact that humans have on animals when it comes to interfering is changing their habitat. That can happens in many of ways, one is to make the environment more friendly to humans like putting in walking or driving roads roads. This is bad, because if many humans walk on the road the animals will move away to be left alone, then the new road have to be made to get to then animals. The problem when not bilding walking tracks is that the tourist will walk to the animals the way they can, so it can be the fast or the one that everyone els walks. It will still be a big impact ether way, because if people walk their oven way more of the habitat will be affected. But with walking tracks normal paths for the animals can be cut off. The effect that new drive roads can have is that people can get to the animals essayer. That will give higher speed on the cars and busses, more road kills and more contamination of gases from the cars. It will also give a higer presur on the location that it can handle more people, like car parks and trash caring. The biggest problem when people are coming in to the animals habitat is that they want to go beyond the barriers. So the fact that in national parks the guides are not well paid, so they will break the law of the park if the visitor bribes them with money (Sekhar 2003). This often happens so the tourist can go closer to the animals and that disturbs the animals more. The way to stop this is to pay the guides more and educate them so the know why it is bad for the animals. Even draw the parallel to that if the animals get disturb to much they might move away and the guide can loss their small income.

One other problem that the wild life industry have is to measure the impact. That the animals get more street by human presents is a fact (Courbis 2007 and Shaughnessy et.al 2008). But that is the only way of measuring it there are still animals that will come closer to the people to get food. One way of dealing with this is to use the precautionary principle, this is a principle that implies that there is a responsibility to protect the humans from exposure to harm where scientific investigation discovers a possible risk (Matthee, Vermersch 2000 and Orams 2002). So the principle is to be carefully when in this case staring a wildlife tourism. Is it known that animals can attack, and injury them self or/and the people. So to work with wild animals there need to be some precaution to protect both the animals and the humans. This principle is use not only by wildlife tourism, but in every way it is needed. One thing that management and evolution of the al tourism have given is wisdom, so that humans don’t keep on doing the same mistake over and over again. As said by Reynolds P, Braithwaite D (2001) that the problem with the precautionary principle it that people operation after the precautionary principle where not understood by the people coming to see the animals. And when the recognition with that it is the best way of managing something is gone the managing falls.

The positive effects are fewer then the negative one, but that makes them no less important, since it is them that will help the wildlife tourisms. The financial help is the major factor that keeps the wildlife tourism working. The entry fees and guide tours contribute to some of the conservation for the animals and there habitat. That the tourist se that the money goes back to protect the animals and also to the people that work to help them. The problem is often that the rangers and other people working don’t see the money since it goes in to the government and then back to the parks. So they can?t see how the fees are contributing to their work wish would be a reason why it is easy to bribe some of them. The fact that the workers are not well paid is a reason that they are easy to bride as said above, what to do about that? It is hard to change how money gets distributed, the reason that there is protections is for the animals, so the money should go to them. But when the one that should follow the rules to protect the animals break them because of money, maybe more of the money should go to them so they will protect the animals better. There can always be a debate on were the money should be spend, but in the end, money will be a good help to help the tourism industry to work. For example when tourist pays to go out on boats to see whales or to dive at protected places, there is a extra fee to pay. That money goes back to the mangier that will keep the protection and be able to see that the industry is interact in with the animals the right way.

The other positive effect that the tourism industries have is education. To give to the visitors so that they know how they are helping the animals and can be spread the knowledge’s around. There is no better way to spread something then to from mouth to mouth. Education will also make the people to see that it is a wild animals and not a pet. That the wild animals should live like they are not to be petted or feed. If people want to feed wild animals they should go to animal parks, not in to the wild where the animals later will be the one suffering. So to educate everyone, the rangers/ park workers and the tourist is the best way to get more people aware of the problem that can occur with wild animals.

When looking at the effect that tourist have on the wild life it looks like the negative is more and have a bigger effect on the outcome then the positive. That is not the entire truth and the reason for that is the money. Tourism is one of the most money making industry. The tourism brings a lot of money in to the governments and have a huge impact on countries economy, so to have a tourism that draw people is important. As said above animal is a good way to market your product, and have always fascinated humans. So to have a big wildlife tourism is important for the economy of the world, so to stop is not the way to go, but to have it sustainable and a good managing plan is important. A lot of the negative effects have been pointed out above to be solved by relocating the animals or killing them. This is not a good method, why should the animal suffer when the humans change the natural way of things? The people were the ones going in to the forest giving animals food, or leving food scraps behind. The people are the ones that are changing everything in the first place and then we blame the animals for it. So to solve this good managing need to be dune to help the animals live in there habitat as they are mean to live.

To stop humans from changing the environment for the animals and then blaming them for not adapting Reynolds and Brathwaite (2001) said that controlling the encounters it the best way. And that leads back to the management and that they have to solve the problem that humans started by feeding and wanting to get close to wild animals.

One thing that have been mentions above is management, that to have a wildlife interaction the management have to be good. But what can they do? Looking at the negative effects that wildlife tourism can have there is a lot to be work on. That is not the case. Most of the negative effects have been work in since the where detected. Speed limits on road were wild animals might be present or fence put up and special animal rout to get a cross have been made. In most place were animals still get feed by humans they have restricted the amount of food that will be distributed so they animals still need to find food some were else. Also what Cinner and Aswani (2007) did was to get the local people to be involved to conserve there recourses. If the people living in the area and the tourist know the problem a lot of the problem is not there to begin with. So the education that is there is a fine managing plan, if the tourist know more before they get to the animals they will be lest likely to do the stupid

things like petting a wild animal. So good management is the key to success. With the management the education of people comes to be, one of the best example on this is how people that where living on collection souvenirs of the animals for tourist. Like getting sea horses from the sea, or hunting gorillas to trade with their meat. Got educated and told that they where destroying their lively hood. That go them thinking and with help they instead focused on protection there resource and get more tourist to come and see it instead of selling it of and losing it al in the end.

The key point to see in this is that when it comes down to the wild life industry. The people working with it and the tourist coming to enjoy it is that first word, wild. The reason people go in boat out to see and interact with whales or in to the jungle to see giant pandas (Guangming 2008) is to see and be with them in there natural habitat. One more thing to point out is natural. What happened a lot in the beginning with the interactions between humans and animals where that humans tried to change the natural way of things. The nature where here before humans, and will be here after humans if people don’t destroy it before they are gone.

Conclusion.

There are some problems that make interactions with wild animals both hard and dangerous. One is that wildlife tourism is having a lot of different components in it, so management is hard. As talk above that tying to us the precautionary principle is good, but it needs to be shown of in a good way, with education. We should not be able to feed or pet animals to keep the wild, when people accept that the conservation can be done in a bigger scale. The management are of the wild life tourism is what is helping the animals the most, since to protect them from being souvenirs or in captivity keep them alive and in the wild. Humans are trying to restore what have been lost and help the animals, and even though to leave the animals alone to be wild, might be the best for the animals, the money and educations that the wildlife tourism gives back to humans is what will save the industry and the animals in the end.

Reference

Cinner , Aswani 2007 intergratin customary managerment into marine cinservation. Biological conservation no.140 pp. 201-216

Courbis 2007 Effect of spinner dolphin presence on level of swimmer and vessel activity in hawaiian bays. Tourism in marine enviorments vol. 4 no 1 1-14

Green R. 2000 The effects of non-consumptive wildlife tourism on free-ranging wildlife : a review Pacific cons. Bio. vol.6 pp. 183-197

Guangming Xiaodong Wei Liu, Bearer, Shiqiang Zhou Yeqing Zhang Ouyang Jianguo 2008 Distribution of Economic Benefits from Ecotourism: A Case Study of Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas in China Environmental Management 42:1017–1025

Martin J.G.A. R?eale D. 2008: Animal temperament and human disturbance: Implications for the response of wildlife to tourism Behavioural Processes 77 pp.66–72

Matthee, Vermersch 2000. Are the Precautionary Principle and the International Trade of Genetically Modified Organisms Reconcilable? Journal of agriculture and environmental ethics. V.12 no.1 59-70

Nagothu Udaya Sekhar 2003: Local people’s attitudes towards conservation and wildlife tourismaround Sariska Tiger Reserve, India Journal of Environmental Management no. 69 pp. 339–347

Orams M 1996: Conceptual model of tourist-wildlife interaction : the case for education as a management strategy, Australian geographer vol.27 no.1 pp. 39-51

Orams M 2003 : Feeding wildlife as a tourism attraction: a review of issues and impacts. Tourism Management 23 281–293

Reynolds P, Braithwaite D 2001. Towards a conceptual framework for wildlife tourism

Tourism Management no.22 31-42

Shaughnessy, Nicholls, Briggs 2008: Do boats afffect fur seals at montague island, new south wales? Tourism in marine enviorments vol. 5 no 1 15-27

Skira, Smitsh 1991 feeding wildelife in narionalparks. South australia regional seminar on national parks and wildelife management, Tasmanina.

Introduction

The students of International Tourism and Hospitality Management from SEGi University College went on a case study research at Penang Island from the 12th November to the 15th November. In these 3 three days and two nights study, the students managed to interviewed as many as 60 local residents of the state to probe and investigate on the impact of tourism towards Penang Island.

Literature Review- Penang Island, A Place for Tourism and Heritage!

The main reason why our study trip chose Penang Island is because of the historical sites and heritage places. Penang incorporates modernity with a touch of traditions and old world charm that is sure to captivates the heart of many tourists and travelers alike. With George Town which was recently listed as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site makes visiting Penang an even more eventful trip. Penang also entices the tourists with its rich and plentiful scrumptious cuisines and mouth-watering food. Home to the Baba Nyonya descendants, this beautiful state is also rich with cultures and traditions all living harmoniously under the one same roof!

Penang is located at the Northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia by the Straits of Malacca. It is the second smallest state in Malaysia right after Perlis. The name Penang is actually derived from a tree called Pokok Pinang that is widely found along the sea side of Penang Island. Generally the state of Penang could be sub divided into two geographies; the Penang Island and also the Seberang Perai. Penang which is widely made out of hilly topography has a limited low land area for development hence the land reclamation project near the coastal area.

In an average day, the temperature at this place varies from 27 degree Celsius to 30 degree during the day time while the night time promises a temperature from 22 degree Celsius to 24. Since Malaysia is located on the Equator line, this place has a very high humidity and the average annual rainfall is approximately 2670 mm.

All in all, the students of ITHM find that Penang Island is indeed filled with abundant of cultures and traditions that many other places in Malaysia is definitely lack off. The culture and heritage sites at these beautiful places are still intact and maintained to perfection. Tourism undeniably has change the way of life for the Penangites vastly.

Here I enclosed in the Itinerary of the whole 3D2N study trip of ITHM students. (*Refer to Appendix IV)

Methodology

Questionnaire- Method of Data Collection

During the fieldtrip to Penang on the month of November, the students of ITHM manage to compile a total of 60 pieces of questionnaires per group on the impacts of tourism on Penang Island. Local residents of Penang were informed of the survey and requested to answer 10 simple questions regarding on the issue.

The questionnaire consisted of 10 questions divided into three parts: Impacts of tourism on local environment, impact of tourism on local people- socio-cultural, and impact of tourism on local economy. The answers to the questions are in the form of ‘Yes or No’ and could be ticked in boxes.

A total of 60 respondents were found and they agreed wholeheartedly to help us out on the mission to uncover the facts about tourism in Penang. Of the 60 respondents, the highest number of responses agreed that Tourism Penang has indeed brought about positive feedback on the economics of the state. Even though some respondents had difficulty understanding the questions given, but we manage to sort it out by slowly explaining to them on what the questions are all about.

The analysis of the response was done in two ways. We divided our group member into two units, where one unit is assigned to complete the (i) 30 pieces of questionnaire by asking local hawker peoples opinion, whereas the remaining (ii) 30 pieces are distributed among the local residents whom are not working at the current moment. Nonetheless all of whom answered the questionnaire were from the local people of Penang Island.

Discussion
Tourism Development- Infrastructures

Unlike any other states in Malaysia, Penang is labelled as one of the leading destination in the country today and many tourists who visited Malaysia would definitely anticipate the visit to this very heritage site. The main reason why Penang has been where it is today is mainly because it also has a better and more developed infrastructure than most of the other places in the country.

Generally there are two stadiums located at Penang for the convenience of the locals as well as to attract tourists and outsiders to take part in any sports event over here. The City Stadium or more commonly known as Stadium Bandaraya Pulau Pinang is the first and oldest stadium which is still in use up till today. It was built by the British in 1932 and ever since then had become a popular spot for any football matches. The other stadium mentioned is the Penang State Stadium. This newly completed stadium back at the year 2000 has a capacity of 40, 000 spectators.

The next cutting edge design infrastructure built in Penang is none other than the Geodesic Dome located at Komtar. This progressive and advance looking dome is a multipurpose hall used for official functions, performances, state’s events and many other event purposes. The design of this dome comes from the concept study by R. Buckminster Fuller who is the master mind behind this partial-spherical structure. The main entrance to this dome is through the level five roof top which only makes it even more appealing to the tourists and visitors.

In terms of highways infrastructure, Penang is certainly quite commendable as well. Highways such as the Bayan Lepas Elevated Highway, Jelutong Expressway and Butterworth Outer Ring Road are the few expressways constructed for the convenience of the automobile users. And let us not forget about the advanced-looking Penang international airport. The Penang International Airport (PEN) is the main airport for the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia. At present, the airlines flying to the Penang International Airport includes AirAsia, Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, Firefly, Jetstar Asia, China Southern Airlines, Kartika Airlines, Lion Air, Malaysia Airlines, Silkair, Singapore Airlines, Sriwijaya Air, Thai Airways and Tiger Airways. This airport is also known as the fourth biggest airport in Malaysia after KLIA, Kota Kinabalu International Airport and Kuching International Airport. It has also been awarded as the Airport of the Year for 2009 Frost and Sullivan Asia Pacific Aerospace and Defence for airports for the category of below 15-million-passenger.

Economic Impact of Tourism

The main economic development in Penang would most certainly relies on the tourism sector as it turns out that this sector yield major contribution towards the income and financial growth of the state. Based on the record by the Tourism Ministry, Penang has recorded a 40 per cent increase in the number of international tourist arrivals between January and June this year (2010). There were 405,932 tourists up till June, as compared to 244,146 in the same period last year. Of the tourist arrivals, Indonesians topped the list at over 92,000, followed by Singaporeans (51,392), China (16,000), Australia, Japan, Latin America and India (12,000 each), United States (10,000) and Middle East countries (1,360).

The economic benefits of tourism were readily acknowledged by research participants in this study. Nearly everyone interviewed agreed that tourism led to the creation of jobs and it somewhat turns out to be the main source of income for most of the family as well. Residents of the communities commented that tourism often brings about positive feedbacks on the economics of the state and the standard of living too. A resident of the local neighbouring town said that, “Without tourism, the economy would be stagnant.” Another resident also noted, “With the existence of tourism in Penang, we get to enjoy many top notch facilities and infrastructures such as the better public transportation system and the Penang stadium.” For some there was a sense of certainty about the likelihood of tourism flourishing in this state. With so many demands from tourists all over the world, regardless of domestic or international, many believed that tourism was expected to take place whether or not local residents desired it.

The Swettenham Cruise Terminal which was recently redevelopment has added an extra entry point into the island. Based on the statistic from Penang Economics Monthly April 2010 Issue 4.10, it states that in year 2009, a total of 680, 000 cruise passengers are recorded to have arrived in Penang. It has been estimated that this year at least 890, 000 numbers of tourists will turn up. “The average cruise passenger spends anywhere between US$85 (rm280) to US$115 (rm350) a day when they come on land. That’s not bad considering they are in Penang for less than 12 hours. Penang’s the perfect destination for cruise passengers with limited time, the minute they step off the pier, they’re already in a World Heritage Site,” said Battistotti, PGT director, who is also the chairman of the Malaysian Association of Hotels (Penang chapter) and the General Manager of G Hotel.

Another factor that contributes to Penang’s thriving economic from the tourism sector is no doubt the Tourism Malaysia’s active ‘courtship’ of the Middle Eastern market. It has been clear that 11th September incidence is a significant factor influencing the increase of Middle Eastern tourist arrivals to Malaysia. There are however other factors such as tourist expenses in Malaysia, tourist income, travelling expenses and the standard of living in this country that affect vastly on the number of tourists arrivals as well. Based on the work done by Norlida Hanim Mohd Salleh (2010, pp. 37-52), she mention that, “The importance of the Middle East tourists to the Malaysian tourism industry can be viewed from several indicators such as number of tourist arrivals, tourism receipts, the average length of stay and potential of future tourism market.” She also mentioned that the average spending of the Middle Easterners have a higher purchasing power than other tourists over here. According to the case study, the average expenditure of the Middle Easterners was RM3, 503 during the year 2003 whereas tourists from other places only spent RM2, 013.

In general, tourism has a variety of economic impact on the Penang Island. All these could be explained using the Multiplier Effects Theory. From the work done by Daniel J. Stynes (1997, pp. 11-14), he mentioned that;

The most direct effects occur within the primary tourism sectors –lodging, restaurants, transportation, amusements, and retail trade. Through secondary effects, tourism affects most sectors of the economy… The study might use a sales multiplier of 2.0 to indicate that each dollar of direct sales generates another dollar in secondary sales in this region.

This clearly shows us that tourism the main the effect of this Multiplier theory where with tourism it brings about the development of other industries as well such as restaurants, shopping malls, and theme parks.

However there are still numerous negative impacts of tourism for Penang Island. For one, a country that relies on tourism industry alone as their main source of revenue could be risky and dangerous. Economic dependence should always be versatile and all-rounded in order for a state to prosper and flourish. This is because tourism business is very seasonal. During peak season, tourist arrivals will increase tremendously especially during the year end period. Conversely the number of tourist will dropped drastically during off-peak season. And this can post immerse danger to the state’s wellbeing as it might create a high rate of unemployment.

Environment Impacts of Tourism

It is important to understand that although tourism has boosted the economics of Penang vastly but one shall never forget on the value of the environment and natural habitat of the very island. For what we know, land is a very scarce resource in Penang Island. This is mainly due to the fact that Penang is largely made up of hilly topography and most of the low land area has already been accommodated and developed.

Based on the research done by Ngai Weng Chan (1998, pp: 305-318), he also mentioned that the efforts at industrialization and the development of other economic sectors had bring about the improvement of the state’s urbanization. Unfortunately this had also caused greater pressure on the land usage. As a result, the Government act upon on the land reclamation as a solution but it is still not enough to satisfy the high demand for land in the island. At present, many developers have already resort to the remaining hill land and also the reclamation area on the island for their next huge projects. Example of such project would be the Waterfront City Project (*refer to appendix I), which represents one of the highest proportions of leisure-based services anywhere in South East Asia. Promising as it may seem, this project which is to be built on the 338 acres of reclaimed land along Penang’s eastern coastline will majorly impact on the condition and status of the island’s wellbeing. To begin with, placing fill in a reclamation area could disturb the water quality of the adjoining sea as well as threatening the flourishing existence of fish stocks and habitats found in coastal seas and connecting lochs and lagoons.

Another example of project built without the heed and consideration of the environmental issues would be the Tanjung Bungah suburb which is situated between Georgetown and Batu Ferringhi. This village was built at the hill land areas which could post many dangers to the environment and also on the inhabitants over there. Based on the journal written by Adrian M. Steinberg (2010, pp. 318-340), he mentioned that, “There are many environment risk by project at hill site areas in Tanjung Bungah, Batu Ferringhi.” Tanjung Bungah used to be a peaceful village only lodged by small groups of families and fishermen. However over the years, many huge corporate chose this very spot to build commercial buildings for tourism purposes. Example of these recreational structures includes the Tanjung Bungah Floating Mosque and also the Penang Water Sport Centres. Hence, the quality of the sea water deteriorates due to the discharge of raw sewage and the resulting pollution makes it a breeding ground for jelly fish. As a result, the sea all along the northern belt is no longer suitable for swimming anymore.

Penang Hill which is another famous tourist destination spot is an example of tourism development at hill land area. Located high above the land, Penang Hill is perfect as a holiday sanctuary due to the breezy and cooler environment. The state Government permitted this development because it brings forth higher monetary and fiscal policy to the state’s economy. Based on another case study by Ngai Weng Chan (1998, pp. 14-27), he mentioned that, “Massive hill development, especially the clearing of vegetation and the cutting of hill slopes will bring about increased and accelerated run-off, increased soil erosion and a high probability of landslips and landslides. In the event of heavy rainfall, such as that which coincided with Tropical Storm Ryan on 18 September 1995, landslips and landslides would occur. In fact, a total of about 60 landslides were reported along roads on Penang Hill and its vicinity after the heavy rainfall during the above storm.” This clearly shows that without a proper planning and preparation, many inadvertent events might occur.

Paya Terubong used to be a predominantly agriculture area. As the years gone by, it slowly turns into a working-class neighbourhood in the central part of Penang Island. Based on a case study by Ngai Weng Chan (1998, pp. 14-27), he found that there is a total of 60 landslides reported along the roads of Penang Hill after the destructive Tropical Storm Ryan which happened back at 18 September 1995. Landslides not only harm the residents of an area but, in fact, it post tremendous dangers to motorists as well. In addition, it might pollute the river and in long-term run, may results in flood at low land area. The massive expansion project at Paya Terubong is the most apparent example of hill land development at Penang which is rather an impulsive and foolish action. The project which mostly accentuate on housing, infrastructure and a new township is actually one of the main tourist attraction at Penang Island at current. According to the Malaysian Law however, hill land with slopes of more than 20 degrees should be safeguard and conserved in its natural state, generally as a forest reserves. Ngai also stated in his case study that the Paya Terubong hill land development is a major failure of the state island by saying, “According to the Consumer Association of Penang (in its April 1996 issue), the Paya Terubong housing project is an invitation to a disaster, possibly comparing the Majestic Heights as similar to the Highland Towers which collapsed in 1993. Soon after this report, the extensive mudflows occurred in early May 1996. Chan (1997) has demonstrated how rapid development on the hill slopes of the Paya Terubong valley in Penang has given rise to landslides, mudflows, sedimentation of rivers and downstream flooding.” (*refer to Appendix II)

Culture and Heritage Impacts of Tourism

Even though the official religion of the country and state is Islam, the residents in Penang are all given the freedom and rights to follow on their personal beliefs. Buddhism is still the main religion over here. As such, the Peranakan or more commonly known as the Baba Nyonyas made 5% out of the 2 million residents of Penang. The Baba Nyonya is actually a descendent of the Chinese immigrants who partially adopt Malay customs with a touch of Chinese as well. This made the Penang Island rich with an abundant of cultures and traditions. For Penang Global Tourism’s (PGT) new managing director Ooi Geok Ling, she exclaimed that if she were to describe Penang as a dish, she would go for the Rojak;

“All the individual fruits and veggies retain their individualism, and the rojak sauce brings everything together. This is what makes Penang so unique, our diversity and our pride in being Penangites.”

This clearly indicates that Penang has a presence of people from so many ethnicities and religions living together in harmony. All these could be reflected in the many festivities that are being celebrated throughout the year, ranging from the Chinese New Year to the Indian Festival, Thaipusam. Besides, Pesta Pulau Penang which is an annual carnival event makes the city all vibrant and vivacious.

Besides that, Penang is also famous with the Dragon Boat Festival. Since 1979, it has been a culture to hold the International Dragon Boat Festival over the Teluk Bahang Dam. Besides attracting international tourists during the period of this event, this amazing festival also strengthens and tightens the bonds between the each and every citizen. Another remarkable festival held yearly over this state would none other be the Chingay Festival. This interesting event which all started back at 1919 to celebrate on the birthday of Kuan Yin, the Goddess of Mercy displays a wonderful act of skill in the form of a procession. (*refer to Appendix III)

George Town’s entry into the Unesco World Heritage Sites listing is a big recognition of Penang’s unique history. This big recognition was declared back at July 2008. George Town which was one if the first British colonies to be established back many years ago is indeed filled with many historical sites. Besides that, Penang is also famous for many other historical sites that some even dated back at centuries ago. All these factors contributed to the rising numbers of tourist arrivals into the state regardless of domestic or non-domestic.

Conclusion

After all the investigations done on the impact of tourism on Penang Island, we found that tourism has indefinitely brought about many changes to the used-to-be-peaceful island. The most apparent changes would definitely be on the environment of the island. Noted as one of the best and most relaxing destination in Malaysia, Penang was once a very serene and calming place to holiday at. Currently however, many unplanned and unorganized development had cause many environment degradation.

In terms of state’s economic, there is no doubt that tourism plays a major role in sustaining the monetary of the country. Tourism brings positive impact on economy by providing more job employment for the local peoples.

With proper action and care from the Government and the residents of the state. Penang will definitely continue to flourish and blossom into a more majestic and magnificent state in Malaysia!

The term sustainability is used in order to consider socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural impact of tourism on destination and in order to avoid negative effect of the tourism, the following factors must be consider and keep in balance in order to gain permanent sustainability.

A tourism destination will be said as sustainable if it contains the following characteristic.

There must be limited impact on environment is the key and essential element and therefore the use of resource must be in way that doesn’t affect the natural ecological process and that tourism mustn’t affect/ disturb the biodiversity or natural heritage of the destination.

A tourism will be said as sustainable if it doesn’t affect/disturb the culture of the destination and do not make changes in the way of living, culture and native value of the destination and their inhabitants instead the sustaibilile tourism is one which promote the understand of each others culture (culture of host and guest) and therefore sustain able tourism lead increase understanding between guest and host communities and increase their level of tolerance to each other.

A sustainable tourism must generate economic return for the host destination and their communities and these return should be equally distributed to those who deserve it not to be taken by some one else and spend for other purpose but instead a true sustainable tourism improve the socioeconomic life of host destination without affecting their culture and values. The return from sustainable tourism may be distribute in local communities through increasing opportunities for employment and generate income directly to host destination and furthermore this revenue must be used in improving the quality of life of inhabitant in host destination.

Tourism in Maldives:

Maldives is country made up of some twelve hundred islands but some around two hundred island are inhabited while the remaining though some are build as tourist resort but are even untouched including them some are given to external organization for different projects for example few of them are used for fisheries. Including fisheries.

This trend of leasing island started when the tourism development and promotion of Maldives with name as Maldives Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) which has presence through the country , the creation MTDC was a step towards Maldives government to develop its island with name Herathera in Addu Atoll , a wonderful resort for the tourist nad from this day a new chapter of Maldives history was initiated of allowing tourist to use its inhabited island and with the passage of time this concept modified and change into the trend of leasing part of land in island which has got airport for domestic travel to hotels.

The tourism best use of accommodation in Maldives is based on a concept one island one resort and it is estimate that some six hundred thousand people visited Maldives in a year before recession and tsunami affected the island, this number is almost double than the local population of Maldives which is estimate at around three hundred thousand people..

Importance and key development on Sustainable in Maldives:

Maldives is located at the south west of srilanka in the Indian Ocean. The special structure of Maldives make at most vulnerable place to be affected from global warming and the rise in the sea level.

The current sustainability strategy based on vision 2020 focused economic, social and environmental priorities and Maldives has gain substantially from the objectives of vision 2020 in every area of social, economic and environment impact.

How the destination has been planned and developed to achieve sustainability, including identification and actions to correct any areas of un-sustainability.

The growing industry of tourism has posed serious risk to sustainability of culture of host destination together with leaving negative impact of environment and this issue doesn’t apply to any one area or country sustainability is the issue of every country in the world

Maldives’ was an initial few nation who join agenda 21 Millennium development goals and Johannesburg plan for implementation. The vision 2020 launch in the year of 1999 provide the basic frame work towards the sustainable development in Maldives. This vision has covered many areas from socio economic and environmental goal and the plan to achieve these goals together with setting objectives to preservation of natural resource such as biodiversity and natural environment.

Dearden and Harron

(1994) the tourists undertaking this type of tourism are often interested in a quite specific

Attraction, be it a particular animal, mountain, cultural site, or people. The sustainability of

Tourism is hence directly tied to maintaining the integrity of that attraction and mediating the

Interaction between the tourists and the attraction over time, such that interest is maintained

The Maldives national sustainability development strategy is basically drawn on the foundation of national development plan, together with it incorporate the environmental assessment and vision 2020. The strategy is bases on the key significant challenges face by Maldives including social integration and economic growth together environmental conservation.

Based on these three objective the strategy develop have got to do address following key challenges.

Sustainable use of resources in order to protect environment together the national development of Maldives which ensure prosperous life in healthy environment for the current generation and for the future generations to come.

Due to its location and climate Maldives is one the most vulnerable island from climate change as some 8% of Total Island in Maldives are situated just over with in one meter from the sea level and therefore understandably making the future this beautiful island at risk due to climate and melting of ice leading to rise in sea level. In Maldives many of its island are not protected through any king coastal protection and therefore are prone to be affected from the flood and rising tidal wave and with the global warming causing melting of ice and rise in sea it is more difficult for people living in these flood prone dangerous island to save the lives as result increasing frequency of tidal waves and erosion.

But this rising sea level is not posing danger to human life but also it posses’ great threat to coral reef ecosystem because increase in sea level lead to change in temperature and coral reef ecosystem is very critical for economic development together with fisheries and tourism.

The second part of sustainability development strategy launch in 2005 based on national development plan and vision 2020 is regarding the economic development whose main purpose is to division of the this economic gain among people through giving them proper education and reducing poverty and increase employment opportunities for Maldives’ people. Maldives has gain very substantial growth during past 80s and 90s period but the devastating tsunami have considerable impact on economy of this island as before that country’s average GDP growth was over 7.5 percent in past fifteen years. The economy suffers badly since then with negative growth of -5.5% in 2005.

The third objective of sustainability development strategy of Maldives is regarding social factors such provision of education, health and care with housing to Maldives people and Maldives have gain substantially on this factors as social factors of Maldives are very promising as country has witness fall in infant mortality rate, rising literacy rate. But still there are number of areas where Maldives have to work in order to be sustainable island on this planet such unemployment rate in Maldives is more than average and there strategy though brought benefits to people on Maldives on social but still there is much to do.

When a park, marine or land is owned by the government or state of country it is proven fact there is less chances of unsustainibilities issues because state try and make sure to invest sufficient resource in infrastructural maintenance . In Maldives government use model of management as that applied in Europe or USA which create more sustainability issues (Adam and McShane,) 1992 but the problem with sustainability was still there and therefore the result of allowing companies to use island and designate them as protected area cause serious sustainability problems especially arising due to lack of care and high entrance charges and underinvestment in infrastructure together lack of preservation of bio diversity and in appropriate integration with the economy of Maldives, country as a whole.

The use of deregulation in Maldives affect sustainability and to achieve suitability strong regulation is required but there may be case where deregulation and private ownership goes hand in hand with sustainability of destination to get this some bold steps are required such as private origination charge fees just enough to cover its operating cost and local goods and service usage should be encourage and that makes tourist destination integrated with economy

How the destination has been and is being managed to achieve sustainability.

Maldives is a small island for this island to survive, sustainability is very important and unavoidable the goal of sustainability development must be set and strategies to achieve on this goal must take into account the sustainable requirement community involvement.

Maldives is going through very difficult, economic and environmental challenges and in order sustain its tourism and promote sustain bile tourism Maldives should take into account and take measure in order to attract more and more sustainable tourist.

The problem is not only related with sustainable tourism but also could impact the whole basis of Maldives economy and therefore for the islands like Maldives which consist of very small island spread into different geographical locations Maldives have to plan sustainable tourism through an active intra sect orally active planning and Maldives have proved that they are following a sustainable plan strategy which is develop in consistency with goal and vision set for the future of nation and each and every sector of Maldives whether it is governmental or private plays an important part in the development of sustainable Maldives.

The reason why foreigner businesses operate and prefer operation in Maldives are numerous but mainly due to liberal fiscal policies adapted by Maldives government and as there no capital gain tax and other many incentive offered by malice’s government but problem with foreign business operating in Maldives’ are not very concern about sustainability of Maldives such as cultural sustainability although foreign business contribute significantly in the revenue which is ultimately use for the sustainable development of islands.

Recently Maldives president announce a plan for its country to be able to become carbon in decade time is one of the evidence of government commitment towards long term sustainability of the country as rising sea level present on many of Maldives islands which are just above the sea level is a great threat for the country and its future.

The plan to make Maldives a carbon neutral country will make Maldives first country to take such a lead and it’s in its own interest to do so. It is estimate by the 2020 Maldives will get rid of energy from fossil fuels on its archipelago.

The dangerous location of Maldives as most of its island are situated just 1 meter form the sea level and therefore a rise in sea level will completely finish this country and its inhibit at including 385,000 people.

Maldives is a poor country but much active on sustainable development and now its ambition plan of being carbon neutral till 2020 will make it first to take such lead towards sustainable future and it’s a message Maldives to the rich countries to follow Maldives because they have all the resource but on the hand Maldives is poor country but still fighting for sustainable future.

In order to analyse the impact of tourism on sustainability and therefore to make a tourist destination as sustainable, we need to understand that the carrying capacity and open access are the two important concept which must be looked thoroughly. Maldives have sufferer the sustainability issues in the past especially regarding environmental degradation due to rapid expansion of tourism and inadequate and dispersal response from the government of Maldives. It is very difficult to identify and define the carrying capacity of destination but it can be known while on the other hand the social and cultural unsustainbility due to tourism can not be measured.

If we discuss open access resource that such resource such as beautiful scenic view etc lead to generate less revenue and even taking more tourist than carrying capacity lead to the degradation of environment together with affecting culture and society of destination.

Countries often run in race of getting more and more tourist and therefore generate more revenue while ignoring the sustainability factors from tourism and it’s a high time for countries like Maldives to take the lead and make them a sustainable tourist destination not only to protect its environment but to sustain their culture and value and Maldives has always and till now is most active country in taking sustainable measures and has learn from the past.

Conclusion:

In order to promote itself as sustainable tourist destination the government of Maldives have taken some concrete and timely steps like one recently to make country carbon neutral country, being a poor country taking such lead highly commendable and shows the sincerity of Maldives towards sustainability but sustainability is the need of the hour for Maldives and therefore there must be informed participation from every stakeholder like local community, government, tourism organization operation in Maldives and government of Maldives need to provide leadership in order to make Maldives free from fossil fuels and make it most sustainable country in the world. Maldives is leading the sustainability initiative around the world but being a poor it has limited resource and therefore the government in sustain its economy and live of its habitats promote consensus in world towards a more sustainable world.

It must be understand here that sustainbilibity is not one time issue but its continues process and therefore sustainable tourist in order remain sustainable must make efforts with changing times.

Maldives being a sustainable tourist destination is very popular and visitor find good exciting holidays in the country together with high level of satisfaction and making their journey to part of the world a meaningful experience of their lives while sustainability is in itself a very effective marketing tool for host destination.

There are only two mega sport events namely the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics based on the scale of media interest. It means mega-sport event has unique natures such as outstanding reputation, adequate attention and worldwide scope already. A well-managed mega-sport event such as FIFA World Cup will attracts millions of visitors to a place.

The tourism related to mega-sport event can be classified as sport event tourism that Foo L. M (2000) defined sport events tourism as the main purpose of the travel is to take part in an ‘organized’ sporting activity, either as a spectator, participant or official. For example, the diverse preparations in Sydney for the 2000 Games not only cater for the 11,116 athletes, but also take into consideration the potential tourism inflow from Olympic spectators (which could number in the millions), athletes’ families, and estimated 15,000 media personnel (Groote, 2005).

During the event holding, tourists spend money in related tourism businesses like restaurant, shop and hotel, and they may also visit surrounding tourist destinations and attractions. Obviously, tourism obtains benefits directly and indirectly from mega-sport event; while these benefits are various and long-term. In case of 2000 Sydney Olympics (Australian Tourist Commision, 2001):

Visitors to Australia: 406,500 international visitors in September 2000, 15% higher than September 1999 (Australian Bureau of Statistics preliminary data).

Worldwide Olympic TV audience: 3.7 billion in 220 countries (IOC)

Worldwide Olympic Internet audience: 20 million (IOC)

Brand Australia has been advanced by ten years, meaning what the world now knows about Australia, it wouldn’t have known until 2010 had Sydney not hosted the Games (ATC).

The ATC’s media relations program generated an addition A$3.8 billion in publicity for Australia between 1997 and 2000 (ATC)

The ATC’s partnerships with major Olympic sponsors, such as Visa, McDonald’s, Kodak and Coca-Cola generated in additional A$300 million in additional advertising exposure for Australia (ATC).

In late 1999, the ATC launched the Australia 2000 – fun and games campaign to encourage visitation to Australia in 2000. This was aimed at insuring against avoidance, as had been the experience of other major event host cities and countries. In 2000, visitor arrivals to Australia increased by 10.9% to almost five million according to preliminary Australian Bureau of Statistics figures (ABS).

In excess of 100 business events, generating millions of additional export dollars for Australia can be directly attributed to the ATC’s New Century. New World, Australia 2001 campaign aimed at capturing business tourism for Australia off the back of the Games. (ATC) etc.

Furthermore, Hudson S. (2003) summarized relevant benefits for the host as follows:

Major sport events can be catalysts for new facilities and new or improved infrastructure

When sport facilities are built, they become permanent event venues

Major sport events can be catalysts for attracting training sessions and other types of events, such as meetings and exhibitions

There is potential for various sport events year round

Sport events can reflect and enhance culture and local traditions, helping to create a unique and attractive sense of place

Media coverage and its impact on developing a sport destination image can be more important than actual visitor spending

Sport events can assist in destination branding by providing powerful, active lifestyle images and making cultural themes come alive

However, hosting a major sports event also has high risks that mainly affect the sustainability of the tourism. For example the Olympic Games of 1976 in Montreal, it was a financial disaster for the city that almost bankrupt (Newton, 2012) and afterwards they were still faced with the financial debts until 2006 (CBC News, 2006).

2.2 Marketing in tourism

2.2.1 Mega-sport event marketing

Funk D. C (2008) believed that effective marketing activities are able to shape the image of the city and stimulate the economy for the host; to reach specific target markets and position the destination to non-residents for the tourism marketers; to build community identification and create jobs for governments; to increase brand awareness, launch new products and services, and open new markets for sponsors.

In terms of mega-sport event which is in essence experiential, interactive, targeted, and relational; these features are highly relevant and desirable given the modern marketing environment (Crowther, 2011) which can be explained as “events create a social setting for attendees and help raise attendees’ involvement level; therefore, attendees are apt to be more receptive to marketing messages and images associated with the event than they are to those presented via other methods (Pope & Voges, 2000; Meenachan & Shipley, 1999)”.

Therefore, event marketing is defined as a tool for experiential marketing that focuses on consumer experiences, and treats emotionally and rationally driven consumption as a holistic experience (Vel & Sharma, 2010) and it offers an additional advantage, in that it actively engages the consumer with the brand and its personality (Sneath, et al., 2005).

2.2.2 Motivation of sport event tourist

MacInnis D. J, Moorman C. & Jaworski B. J (1991) defined motivation as an internal factor that arouses and prompts goal-directed behavior. Furthermore, Schiffman L. G & Kanuk L. L (2001) detailed a motivation process which includes five stages: needs, tension, drive, want and goal. (Figure 1)

Need recognition

Goal behavior

Want pathway

Drive state

Tension reductionFigure 1

Sport and event consumer motivation process

Source: e.g., Schiffman L. G & Kanuk L. L (2001)

In the first stage: need recognition, Reisinger (2009) mentioned that potential consumers recognize a need when faced with a “problem”, we can understand the “problem” as a catalyst. As mentioned above, the “problem” of sport event consumer is the desire to seek the experiences.

Second stage is the customers are considering how to satisfy this need and at the third stage, people will consider the pathways by their preference to reduce or eliminate the unpleasant state. Want pathway can be considered as decision-making processes and finally the goal behavior which can be understand as the acquisition satisfy people’s need, reduce tension and restore balance.

A well-understanding of motivation process will help the marketer to know (Horner & Swarbrooke, 2007):

When to attempt to influence consumers (focusing marketing activities at the time when most consumers are making decisions to buy a particular product)

The choice of advertising media based on which media the majority of consumers use to gain information about tourism products

The selection of appropriate distribution channels or marketing intermediaries

For example, the VisitBritain’s strategy for 2012 London Olympic Games focused to inspire visitors to explore Britain (VisitBritain, 2010)

As the figure shows, the marketing strategy of VisitBritain focuses Awareness (inspire) and Intention (explore) stages. The marketing challenges are:

Inspire: (long-term develop):

Address the loss of market share and maximise the value of tourism working with the nations and regions of Britain

Develop new product offers to stimulate demand in partnership with the nations and regions

Explore: (Britain-led):

Gain market share

Grow Britain brand awareness

Challenge negative perceptions of welcome, value and quality

2.2.3 Marketing strategy related to tourism

Foxall (1981) defined marketing strategy as being an indication of how each element of the marketing mix will be used to achieve the marketing objectives. It is simple but easily to understand. Normally, the marketing objectives in tourism of mega-sport event host should be:

To maximize the economic benefits for tourism across the host city/country

To enhance the image of the host as a visitor destination

To deliver- and showcase – a world class welcome in and after the event

A widely used marketing mix is the 4 Ps that product, price, place and promotion.

Product

Funk (2008) summarized unique aspects of the mega-sport event product: it is an intangible product; social facilitation via sport and reliance on product extensions. Intangible means it is an experiential product and social facilitation via sport means it has great impacts as mentioned above. However, these features are natural.

Therefore, exploring on extension product is the key to stimulate and meet the demands of tourist. Such as UK launched new 50p coins to commemorating the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games (BBC, 2010) and create new travel routes for tourists as an event-related tour products and etc.

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Furthermore, as sport has the ability to directly and indirectly influences a number of aspects in a person’s life (Beaton & Funk, 2008), sport marketers are likely to package themselves as the forefront in the battle to improve quality of life as sport and leisure activities become central components of promoting health lifestyles, and building more integrated communities (Funk, 2008).

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Price

Price can be understood by if it is valuable. Getz and Cheyne (1997) found that focus group participants identified important quality factors that can influence a decision to travel to an event, including reputation of the event, caliber of participants (the best in their field), international scope, and the presence of celebrities, rarity is also a factor. Obviously, mega-sport event has all these factors: outstanding reputation; national caliber; international tourism market; celebrities (NBA stars etc.) and once in four years.

As mentioned above, mega-sport tourists pay for an experience which often involves sensory, emotional, cognitive, behavioural and relational values that replace functional values (Schmitt, 1999). A well-managed service system should be marketed to the audience as favourable factor. In adverse, weakness of service will lead tourist doubt to come. For example, a safety doubt emerging after the news that “with one week remaining before the opening ceremony of the London Olympics, it only has 4,000 guards trained and ready which was expected to provide over 10,000 security personnel for the event (Bartnik, 2012)”.

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Place

It refers to the place where the customers can buy the product and how the product reaches out to that place. The most effective way is media such as Internet, PR and TV. Many scholars believe that media coverage of sport events will help countries to present themselves in favorable terms (Whitson & Macintosh, 1996), and will assist destinations in building a positive image that helps to generate future tourist demand (Faulkner et al., 2000).

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Social media such as Facebook, Flickr and TripAdvisor are increasingly being exploited within mega-sport event marketing campaigns. For example, Facebook has more than 300 million active users, 50% of whom log on everyday. The internet provides a worldwide platform to distribute the information.

Recently emerging channel is mobile. According to VisitBritain (2010), “400m are already using the mobile internet – and this will double by 2012; 87% of people are already using their mobile for media consumption at home”, and 2012 London Olympic Games became the first mobile internet Games.

Development of technology help marketers delivers the information more effective, however, traditional media still important such as newspaper, which are still widely used by old peoples; TV, which covers lots of computer illiterate and broadcast, which can reach the people who have no time to look such as taxi driver.

Promotion

Promotion is the business of communication to the customers such as what benefits the company or organization has to offer rather than exhibit the features.

Hosting the mega-sport events means a valuable promotion opportunity as it can improving a destination’s image and building a destination’s brand for sustainable development (Getz, 1997; Hall, 1992; Jago, et al., 2010; Prentice & Andersen, 2003; Ritchie, 1984) . This means that the city can show off its tourist attractions and the infrastructure that has been generated (Chalip, 2002; Owen, 2005; Whitson & Horne, 2006). Awareness of the region is also positively impacted which again brings in domestic and international tourists and potential investors (Gursoy & Kendall, 2006; Solberg & Preuss, 2007).

For example, in a study examining the effect of special events on a country’s brand building, Jun and Lee (2008) reported a positive relationship between the role of special events on the attitudes of young Korean students towards Germany, specifically, the more exposure Korean students had to special events held in Germany, the more likely they were to form positive attitudes toward Germany. These findings supported Chalip and Costa’s (Chalip & Costa, 2005)general theory that special events can be an extension of a destination brand or can be promoted as certain features of destination brand.

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2.3 Destination service quality

Even though marketing strategy is well managed, tourists’ experience of a hotel, restaurant, or casino will imparts a different sort of knowledge than simply reading or hearing about it (La Tour, et al., 2009).

Destination management includes how competition in tourism increasingly involves geographical systems where suppliers of hospitality, transportation, entertainment, and cultural services collaborate to increase the attractiveness of the destination and improve its ability to acquire customers (Bieger, 1998; Bieger, 2000; Buhalis, 2000; Ritchie & Crouch, 2000; Go & Crompton, 2000).

Event managers are often preoccupied with delivering a high quality program (Getz, 1998), which is basically what visitors come to experience, but equal attention to service quality is essential for ensuring visitor satisfaction.

SA Tourism (2008) concedes to the following ten challenges for 2010: 1) poor access to channels of tourism information, 2) insufficient accommodation, and 3) compelling attractions and activities, 4) inadequate service levels and skills shortage, 5) inadequate public transport, 6) insufficient focus on tourist safety and security, 7) limited institutional capacity, 8) managing expectations, 9) demand management and 10) displacement of general tourists.

In the public eyes, hosting an event is a stimulator of tourism industry to the host city. Fourie and Santana-Gallego (2011) did a research on the impact of mega-sport events on tourist arrivals and resulted at there will be 8% increase of the arrivals on average to the host. The Olympics and FIFA World Cup are more than the average.

For instance, by the data from ForwardKeys (2012), “bookings made by 12th May show a 13% increase in the expected number of arrivals to London during the Olympics Periods” and the rest of UK also receive 4% increase.

Such a rapidly inflow of tourists will bring lots of problems such as transport disasters. Atlanta’s 1996 Olympic Game has provided a cautionary tale of mega-sport event travel chaos: “with bus drivers getting lost, athletes arriving moments before their events and overloaded trains that couldn’t get residents home (Wheatley, 2011).

Therefore, how to provide quality destination service to tourists’ experience, while an influx occurs during the mega-sport event is one of the key factors of the successful tourism operation in mega-sport tourism marketing.

Gronroos (1983) described service quality construct relates the level of experienced quality to both technical and functional dimensions of serve provision (see figure 10.1):

Technical quality – refers to the result of the service and/or the question, what has been provided?

Functional quality – on the other hand, refers to the way the service has been delivered and relates to the question, how has the service been provided?

2.3.1 Technical quality

Technical quality refers to the relatively quantifiable aspects of the service such as “The hotel guest will get a room and a bed to sleep in, the consumer of a restaurant’s services will get a meal, and the train passenger will be transported from one place to anotheraˆ¦” (Gronroos, 1984). In terms of mega-sport event, as influx of tourists, the capability of original infrastructure is not able to meet the needs. That is why Terret (2008) mentioned cities are interested in hosting of the Olympics Games as they can accelerate infrastructure projects.

For example, Olympic experience shows that a highly robust and resilient public transport system is a prerequisite to handle exceptional Olympic mega event traffic demands (Bovy, 2006). In terms of London, it struggles with constraints on the Tube, which handles 12 million trips a day during normal times and the Olympics is estimated to add three million trips on the busiest days (Kirka, 2012). Therefore, it invested ?80m in permanent transport improvements for DLR (Media centre – Press release, 2008), we have seen new rail links created in East London, and improvements to existing underground and overground train services (Pettinger, 2009) and the increase of capability achieved that a train arriving in the Olympic Park area every 15 seconds (London Olympics Transport Upgrade, 2012).

This improvement will shorten the time that tourist move in and out the Olympic Park and reduce the crowd risk. In other hand, a strong public transport will also encourage tourist to choose so that avoid general car traffic on the primary Olympic transport network accordingly.

2.3.2 Functional quality

Local human resource support

Functional quality creates a competitive edge by focusing on the more personal aspects of the service encounter such as “The accessibility of a teller machine, a restaurant or a business consultant, the appearance and behavior of waiters, bank tellers, travel agency representatives, bus drivers, cabin attendants, business consultants, plumbers, how these service firm employees perform, what they say and how they say it do also have an impact on the customer’s view of the serviceaˆ¦ (Gronroos, 1984)”

In terms of mega-sport event, a special group – volunteers – was critical to the successful staging of mega-event because they provided the substantial amount of unpaid additional labour that was needed and also the outstanding service that help the tourists.

For example, in Beijing 2008 Olympic games, there were 70,000 volunteers (Associated Press, 2007) applied in various positions such as translation and interpretation, protocol and reception, contest organization, food and beverage, medical services, security and transportation et al (Volunteer Positions & Requirements, 2008).

To ensure the service quality of the volunteer, a series of training was made before volunteers officially starting their services. In terms of Beijing 2008 Olympic Game, the training includes 4 parts (Organization and Administration of Olympic Volunteering, 2008)

1. General training: basic Olympic knowledge, brief introduction to the Beijing

Olympic and Paralympic Games, Chinese history and traditional culture, history and cultural life in Beijing, knowledge and skills necessary to serve the disabled, etiquette norm, medical knowledge and first-aid skills.

2. Professional training: professional knowledge and skills required in voluntary services.

3. Venue training: venue functions, knowledge concerning the sports held in the venue, internal facilities, organizational structure, rules and regulations.

4. Job training: job responsibilities, specific work, business procedures, and operating norms.

These well-trained volunteers helped the foreign visitors overcome language and cultural barriers, and provide professional service so that enhance the satisfaction of tourist’s experience in great extent and assist Olympic Games operating smoothly.

However, Bejou et al. (1996) mentioned that there are non-standardized services in which the knowledge, behavior and commitment of the service providers are crucial. O’neil et. al. (1999) believe that this experiential “product” (such as event) is produced and consumed simultaneously, is highly heterogeneous and very difficult to store and/or control, but basically, if expectations are met, service quality is perceived to be satisfactory; if unmet, less than satisfactory; if exceeded, more than satisfactory.

In contrary, poor events may causes by such as an emphasis on quantity rather than quality, a product rather than a market orientation, poor physical conditions and lack of information, and poorly selected or inadequately trained personnel (Jackson & Schneider, 1990).

2.4 Sustainable tourism development

The evaluation of the sustainability impacts of any mega-sport event is a complex and difficult task and it involves far more than simply estimating its potential revenue and expenditure (Dodouras & James, 2004). As hosting a mega-sport event can also constituted a unique opportunity for the diversification and enrichment of the host’s tourism product, this legacy will benefit the tourism development in the future. For example, the building of tourism infrastructure in the case of Barcelona significantly enhanced its image and credibility as an international tourist destination (Duran, 2005).

Musgrave & Raj (2009) summarized the three sustainable aspects that influenced by mega-sport event as Figure 1:

Mega-sport Events

Social

Environmental
Economic

Positive:

Induced development and construction expenditure

Long-term promotional benefits

Civic pride

Community development

Increased employment opportunities

Positive:
Raising awareness of environmental issues
Development of waste land
Long-term conservation of area
Positive:
Direct/indirect expenditure
Increased property value due to regeneration
Additional trade and business development
Induced development and construction expenditure
Event product extensions

Negative:

Future use of infrastructure not maximized

Interruption of normal business

Resident exodus

Disruption of lifestyle

Media impacts

Community apathy and antagonism

Increased risk of security issues

Unequal distribution of wealth

Negative:
Site/location damage – short- and long-term
Waste and pollution
Noise pollution
Traffic disruption and congestion
Increase in energy demands and other natural resources
Negative:
Cost of event failure to local/national economy
Inflated price of products, services and amenities
Unequal distribution of wealth

Fig. 1. 1. The ‘three pillar impacts’ of events (Musgrave & Raj, 2009)

Consequently, the objectives of sustainable development are: optimizing socio-cultural impacts; minimizing environmental impacts and maximizing economic impacts (Smith-Christensen, 2009). Specifically, in terms of tourism, these impacts can be operationalized in the post-event period to attain, magnify and sustain their objectives as a sustainable sport tourism legacy. And accordingly, the sustainability of strategies that originate from sport tourism development policies, which according to sustainable development principles should maintain economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental integrity (Campell, 1996; Fitzgerald & Leigh, 2002).

2.4.1 Social impact

“By social impacts we mean the consequences to human populations of any public or private actions that alter the ways in which people live, work, play, relate to one another, organize to meet their needs and generally cope as members of society. The term also includes cultural impacts involving changes to the norms, values, and beliefs that guide and rationalize their cognition of themselves and their society (Interorganizational Committee on Guidelines and Principles, 1994)”.

To achieve the outcome that optimizing socio-cultural impact, the organizer should reduce the negative impacts and magnify the positive impacts. Tassiopoulos & Johnson (2009) summarized the social impacts that brought by event tourism as follow:

Negative impacts of tourism:

Sex

The sexual industry has grown rapidly rely on the mega-sport event due to some event attendees’ travel abroad to enjoy uninhibited casual sexual encounters and result on a bad impact of the local. For example, as many as 40,000 women could enter South Africa to work as prostitutes during this year’s football World Cup 2010 (The Telegraph, 2010). The grave danger of this growth has led to the spreading of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (Cooper, et al., 2005).

Health

There are diseases such as swine flu should be noted when people from different countries interact. For example, the recording of more than 8500 cases of malaria infections in the UK, which have been a result of tourist and visiting friends and relatives (VFT) traffic to malaria-infected destinations. These diseases may not fatal but they can cause social and economic stress to the host community.

Commodification

Commodification implies that the demands of tourism (inclusive of events) have led to the mutation and sometimes the destruction of the meaning of cultural performances and special events. Staged authenticity refers to simulated experiences that are developed to satisfy the needs of the visitor. Standardization refers to where the visitor attending an event searches for the familiar, leading to a loss of cultural diversity (Cooper, et al., 2005).

Disruption of lifestyle of residents

Sherwood (2007) refers to increases in traffic and noise and the general disruption to normal daily routines caused by the hosting of an event in the destination. Furthermore, overcrowding, congestion and noise are ascribed to an influx of event visitors in the host destination. This may cause that resident exodus, for instance, third of Britons holidaying abroad this summer have deliberately chosen dates to avoid London 2012 (Gerges, 2012).

Crime and vandalism

Many scholars such as Mathieson and Wall (1982) have suggested that large numbers of visitors to an event carrying relatively large amounts of money and valuables with them will provide a source for illegal activities including drug trafficking, robbery, vandalism and violence. For example, only 10 weeks before the FIFA World Cup 2010, in South Africa, there were 50 murders happened in one day while the South Africa’s murder rate actually dropped slightly last year (Tay, 2010).

Positive impacts of tourism:

The fostering of community/civic pride

Events can be used to put new life into ceremonies and rituals, making them come alive, combining them with skills and crafts. This can inspire and assist with fostering local pride of a host community and provides the best possible experience for the event attendee (Tassiopoulos & Johnson, 2009).

Creating sociocultural awareness and peace

Events take people to new places and can broaden their understanding and knowledge of other cultures and environments. This can be regarded as an educational process and, if channeled properly, this education can lead to greater awareness of, and sympathy and admiration for, other societies. Cultural exchange that takes place between the event attendee and the host community can assist in fostering peace. The belief in the relationship between tourism and peace is so strong that in 1986 the International Institute for Peace through Tourism was set up.

Shared infrastructure

When developments for events take place, for example, the FIFA 2010 World Cup in South Africa, the local infrastructure is often enhanced to meet the needs of the developments. The host community can find that the quality of their life is enhanced through being able to enjoy this improved infrastructure. This type of infrastructure can include upgrading sporting venues, improvement of airports and general transportation.

Direct sociocultural support

The funding generated from various events can provide funds to assist to restore heritage sites, conserve natural and cultural sites, or assist local charities. The proceeds earned from these events in terms of registration fees and goods sold are donated to various charities within the local community.

2.4.2 Environmental impact

The environmental impact indicates that (Mathieson & Wall, 1982; Jenner & Smith, 1991; Boers & Bosch, 1994; Puczko & Ratz, 2002; 2005):

Impacts on the natural environment, i.e. air quality, geological factors, water quality, depletion of natural resources, flora and fauna;

Impacts on the man-made environment, i.e. buildings visual impacts, changes in land use, infrastructure;

Impacts on the ecosystem.

The depletion of natural resources is accelerated by the use of fossil fuels in transportation, the heating of accommodation and the operation of catering facilities (which are usually non-renewable energy sources like coal, crude oil or natural gas). In more environment-friendly solutions, heating and energy consumption is based on hydro, solar or wind energy.

Wasteful and careless use of the drinking water supply significantly impairs the effectiveness of water management, and decreases available freshwater resources. The wasteful use of the water supply could be avoided by a more environmentally friendly attitude and modern technology.

The positive elements of the environmental impacts most commonly catalogued relate to the new facilities that might not have been politically or financially feasible without the event.

On the negative side, growing attention is being focused on the environmental damage due to development for mega sports events (Tolios, 1997).

2.4.3 Economic impact

Event tourism can generate positive economic impacts, in addition to longer-term place marketing benefits and media exposure for destination, along with sporting or cultural policy benefits (Musgrave & Raj, 2009).

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While these impacts are extremely relevant and often very important, an honest assessment of the value of a particular mega sports event must also include estimates of the negative impacts, such as commodity price increases a

Abstract: The current economic crisis has had a large effect on Greece. Two of the most important economic sectors, tourism and shipping, were seriously affected. This resulted in increased poverty and political instability. This paper focuses on describing the impact of economic crisis on Greek tourism. Therefore, the article presents the relationship between tourism and economic issues, while emphasizing the role of the European Union in fighting the Greek debt crisis. The practical part of the paper presents the results of an online survey regarding Greece’s financial problems and tourism sector attractiveness. The survey includes Romanian respondents who have visited Greece at least once. Results of the study show that most Romanians will continue to travel to Greece despite country’s economic problems. Thus, the article offers relevant support in determining the impact of economic crisis on Greek tourism. Moreover, the article emphasizes tourism sector importance and encourages further research.

JEL classification: G01, H12, L83

Key words: economic crisis; tourism; Greek debt crisis; tourist arrivals; Romania

1. Introduction

Tourism accounts for almost 20% of Greek gross domestic product and almost 17.5 million tourists visit Greece every year. However, the current recession hit Greece very strong. The violent protests and strikes in Athens, as well as the declining euro have determined many tourists to change their travel destination. Nowadays, Greece faces serious debts, increasing unemployment rates and a country image that is slowly deteriorating. In this paper, the author seeks to emphasize the impact of the economic crisis on Greek tourism. Thus, the article describes the evolution of major statistical indicators regarding Greek tourism during 2008-2010 and analyses Romanian preferences for Greek destinations in times of economic decline. Therefore, the author carried out a survey among Romanian population during January-February 2011, to provide relevant information about tourism in Greece. Results of the study show that Greek tourism remains in the top preferences of travel destinations for 2011. The reasons regard Romanians’ belief that Greece is a safe country despite the negative economical context and the cheap travel packages that Greeks offer in order to attract tourists. To conclude, the article presents an in-depth review on an important economic issue while providing significant support to institutions and associations oriented towards tourism in general.

2. Greek tourism during the economic crisis

According to the Greek National Statistical Service, Greece is among the first 15 travel destinations in the world and the second most visited country in Europe. More than 9000 hotels and 400 campsites accommodate international and domestic visitors every year.

The economic downturn started in 2008, caused significant losses in Greek tourism and hotel industry. The situation got worse in 2009, when the Institute for Tourist Research and Forecasts announced that Greece was down 20% from 2008. However, the significant drop in tourist arrivals was not entirely due to Greece’s debt crisis. Countries worldwide were facing serious economic problems and, as the unemployment rates were rapidly increasing, more people decided to postpone their vacations (Conrady, 2010). In promoting travel packages, many public institutions tried to encourage tourism among consumers through marketing campaigns (Serban, 2011).

Realizing the importance of maintaining the cash flows in tourism, the Greek government dropped prices and made the country less expensive for foreign visitors. Still, strikes by Greek workers and frequent protests have disrupted travel plans for many people, making them reconsider their travel to Greece.

Greek government main priority is to keep the crisis primarily economic and encourage the development of tourism and shipping, two of the most important sectors of the economy.

According to the report “Greece – Second Review Under the Stand-by Arrangement” issued by the International Monetary Fund in December 2010, Greece is still fighting the debt crisis, though some economic sectors have shown signs of slow recovery.

Figure 1 presents the evolution of tourism and shipping sector in Greece, during the economic crisis. The shipping sector experienced a downturn in 2009 but managed to recover very well by July 2010. Tourism, however, hardly registered positive values during the period 2008-2010.

Source: Bank of Greece

Figure no. 1 Evolution of tourism and shipping in Greece during January 2008 – July 2010

Recent statistics on tourism provided by the European Travel Commission in the report “European Tourism in 2010: Trends and Prospects, Quarterly Report (Q4/2010)” show that Greece has registered low rates both in foreign visits and hotel occupancy (figure 2 and figure 3).

Source: TourMIS, ETC,*Date varies by destination

Figure no. 2 Foreign visits to selected destinations, 2010

As regards foreign visits, Greece has experienced low rates in the last quarter of 2010 – almost 2%. Aside from the economic crisis, another reason could be country’s orientation towards summer tourism. The hotel occupancy rates registered negative values – almost -5%, unlike most of the European countries.

Source: STR Global

Figure no. 3 Hotel occupancy rates in different countries, 2010

3. Study among romanians regarding the impact of the economic crisis on greek tourism

3.1 Purpose

The purpose of this study is to describe the extent to which the economic crisis in Greece has changed Romanians perceptions about traveling to this country.

3.2 Methodology

The study was based on a survey conducted in January-February 2011. The survey included a self-administrated questionnaire and was considered valid only for respondents which have traveled to Greece at least once. The objective was to determine the probability of returning on vacation in this country given the rigid economical context.

The study included a total sample of 67 respondents, out of which 15 respondents were eliminated because of incomplete responses or not having passed the filter question. Therefore, a final sample of 52 respondents was considered in the final research.

Respondents were selected by using the random sampling method.

The questionnaire was applied in public places: universities, shopping malls, hypermarkets. The questionnaire included one filter question (aˆzHow many times did you travel to Greece?”), 5 questions related to the topic and 4 socio-demographic questions related to age, sex of respondent, level of education and occupation. The questions were structured and closed, with one-choice answer.

3.3 Analyses

In analyzing the answers, the completed questionnaires were at first validated. The first question included a filter in order to separate the respondents who have traveled to Greece before from the ones who had never been to Greece (figure 4). Therefore, only 52 questionnaires were considered valid.

The answers to the first question showed that most respondents traveled to Greece at least once in their life – more than 48% of respondents agreed. The second option was “less than 3 times” in their life (36%), while only 15% of respondents admitted to have visited Greece more than 3 times in their life.

Figure no. 4 Frequency of travel to Greece among Romanians

The second question described the types of tourism one can choose from while traveling to Greece. Though Greece is not a big country, it holds great historical landmarks, various landforms and beautiful religious sites.

Figure 5 shows that most Romanians prefer going to Greece during the summer -30% of respondents agreed. However, a considerable number of respondents prefer Greece for its culture (17%), while others for its religious sites (19%).

Figure no. 5 Romanian preferences regarding Greek tourism

Figure 6 shows the reasons for which most respondents choose to travel to Greece. The most important factor is beautiful sightseeing – 25% of respondents answered this way. Other important factors were: cultural attractions, better accommodation and similar prices to Romania.

Figure no. 6 Description of reasons for traveling to Greece

In addressing the economic crisis issue, the questionnaire included 3 questions. The first question described the impact of the Greek debt crisis on country’s tourism. As figure 7 shows, most Romanians consider that the economic crisis had a great influence on Greece’s tourism – more than 73% of respondents agreed. 2 respondents considered the impact to be low, while 13 respondents said the impact was medium.

Figure no. 7 Impact of the economic crisis on Greek tourism

The answers to the following questions were grouped and presented in figure 8. As a result, Romanians consider going to Greece in spite of the economic crisis (77%). Most respondents agree that the tourism sector was not seriously affected by the economic context and recent travel packages offers have made the country more attractive.

Figure no. 8 Description of reasons for traveling to Greece during the economic crisis

Moreover, Greece holds second position among the top foreign travel destinations for Romanians. Along with Bulgaria and Turkey, Greece is considered to be a perfect country to spend summer vacations.

The reasons for which Romanians choose Greece in times of economic crisis are: cheaper accommodation (34%), special offers: bonus trips, extra-meals or airport taxes included (25%), promotional flight prices and lower docking fees for cruise ships.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, the author presented some important aspects of the economic crisis in Greece. Thus, the article described the relationship between the tourism sector and the economical context in Greece as well as their relevance to the consumer.

The practical part of the paper presented the results of a survey among Romanian consumers regarding Greece’s economic decline and its impact on tourism. Results showed that Greece’s approach for 2010 – continue to reduce prices and increase the quality of services – was successful among Romanians. Moreover, travel agencies in both countries indicated that the number of Romanians who cancelled their holiday to Greece because of the protests in Athens was considerable small compared to those who chose to travel to Greece in the same period. Better travel packages and a strong belief in the national safety of the country convinced many Romanians to travel to Greece in spite of the demonstrations.

Another advantage of Greece in these difficult times is citizens’ long experience in tourism. Greece stands for tradition and culture and its values are well preserved by the population. In attracting tourists, Greeks show respect to their guests and, above all, hospitality. All these things, make the Greece’s debt crisis less dramatic for the Romanian consumers.

By analyzing the case of Greece, the article presents some important view-points regarding the economic crisis in Europe. The information provided reflects the amplitude of the economic crisis worldwide and its rapid spread in most areas of activity. The focus on Greek tourism and its relationship with Romania can offer specialized associations a starting point in further analyzing Romanian tourism and the current tourism strategies.

“Delhi Dilwaale” (New Delhi, the city with the heart) as it’s often called is the capital of India and is situated in the North, home to about 18 million people. While New Delhi today is considered a Global city, it currently ranks 45th in the world (Foreign Policy Index, 2010). Since the high ranking makes the city seem insignificant, it doesn’t answer the questions of New Delhi’s image as a global city. Mr. Deep Kapuria, chairman of Indian Industry (CII) states “By 2020 Delhi can become a better, global city only if its private and public sectors work together” (Indo Asian News Service, 2008). ). As a step in the right direction towards improving upon its ranking as a global city, New Delhi was fortunate to host the 2010 Commonwealth Games. The Indian delegation had argued that wealthy countries hosted the games too often and “developing countries” deserved a chance to host the games (CBC Sports, 2003). This was important to New Delhi’s future because the games brought forth a real opportunity for introducing major changes in the city in terms of its infrastructures, roads, airports, highways and transit systems. It brings forward the confidence of the developing nations in hosting such mega events. The hosting of the games marked an important step towards improving New Delhi’s global status because it was the first time a South Asian city had been elected for hosting an event at the international level. New Delhi was all over the headlines and it received a lot of global media coverage. Mr. Suresh Kalmadi, president of the Indian Olympic Association and chairman of the organizing committee stated “The people felt it was high time India got the Games” (CBC Sports, 2003). This essay will begin by giving a brief history of how New Delhi reached its position as a global city and then focus on how New Delhi has been affected by the commonwealth games in terms of infrastructure advancements, effects of the Games on New Delhi’s labor market as well as the measures taken by New Delhi to address environmental concerns. To add to that, the essay will also discuss some of the problems encountered at the games and how Delhi must deal with them to ensure they remain a global city.

New Delhi is one of the oldest urban regions, serving as political and commercial capital for the Mughal Empire. In 1911, British rulers moved the Indian capital from Calcutta to New Delhi. Several ancient buildings were torn down to make way for sprawling administrative district designed by architect Edward Lutyens (Lorinc, 2008). “Configured around majestic axes and imposing government buildings on a plain inspired by Washington, DC, New Delhi became an urban symbol of the British Raj”(Lorinc, 2006, p. 26). In 1927, the Parliament House, designed by Edward Lutyens and Herbert Baker was inaugurated and opened. By 1931, New Delhi opened the largest market and the leading commercial and business hub of the city, “The Connaught Place”, named after the Duke of Connaught (Gupta, Basu & Chattarji, 2003). Today, the Connaught place is truly an architectural gem and one of the most striking structures of New Delhi. From the finest restaurants to bars, to load of business and commercial activities, Connaught Place today is considered an absolute essential place for a tourist to visit and is considered to be the most `happening` place in the city(PUTSOURCE).http://www.exploredelhi.com/shopping/connaught-place.html

INFRASTRUCTURE

As stated in the report of the commonwealth games evaluation commission for the 2010 Commonwealth games, the city stressed that through the games, its number one priority was improving the city infrastructure. From the building of new stadiums and the construction of the games village, to project plans in the transport sectors, the Commonwealth games truly brought forth infrastructure advancements within the city and the neighbouring games village. The city’s airport, Indira Gandhi International Airport underwent several changes. A world-class terminal was opened at the airport, expected to entertain about 34 million passengers a year. At the opening ceremony of the terminal, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh stated, “This airport terminal establishes new global benchmarks. It also exemplifies our country’s resolve to bridge and bridge fast enough the infrastructure deficit in our country” (680News, 2010(article)). The roads themselves underwent major changes, from the widening and resurfacing of the roads, to the addition of more lanes for the purposes of controlling traffic congestion. The Games Village that housed the athletes was built over a 63.5 hectare area also offered training grounds for athletes participating in athletics, Aquatics, Weightlifting and wrestling.( http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/news/fantastic_say_athletes_staying_games_village). This village, built in East Delhi at the Yamuna riverfront, which has been neglected until the preparation of the games, underwent major urban spurt in order to meet world class standards. Today, this place looks no different from a prime real estate (Uppal, 2009). The village itself offers facilities such as post services, banks, bars, cafeteria and gym and was created with intention to allow the athletes to rejuvenate themselves and get refreshed after participating in events during the day. Louise Pugh-Bevan, player of the Wales Hockey team said that `The actual facilities are clean and satisfactory standards, and we are pleased with the accommodation`(BBC News, 2010). The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, venue of the opening and closing ceremonies, underwent major renovations costing the city a whopping Rs 9.6 billion (Times of India, 2010).

However prior to the games, there were several events which threatened the progression of the games. “More than a year ago, audits warned that preparations for the games were shamefully behind schedule. “Slackness in addressing these challenges may create major embarrassments for the country, one report added” (Yardley, 2010, p.A.6). On Sept 21st, 2010, a footbridge near the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium collapsed, injuring 23 workers, 5 of which were in serious condition. Following this event, Phillips Idowu, a British triple jumper athlete pulled out from the games and publicly on twitter he said “My safety is more important to them than a medal”(SkyNewsHD, 2010). Upon closer analysis of the situation, the TV footage showed that the collapse occurred due to a construction failure and simply because of the engineers’ non adherence to basic civil engineering rules (Mail Today, 2010).

In addition to that, the building of new infrastructures and roads required demolition of existing illegal structures. A slum can be defined as one illegal structure with poor and informal housing and having a threat of being destroyed (Davis, 2004). This was one of the drawbacks in infrastructure advancements. The problem was that the slum dwellers were getting displaced from their homes and in exchange were not getting relocated. Human rights campaigners argued that the Indian government was sweeping slum dwellers and beggars off the streets in an attempt to beautify the city. The question goes back to New Delhi. While the infrastructure advancements certainly give an appeal to the city and attract foreigners, the fact is that it comes at a cost and in doing so, New Delhi needs to think if global city status is more important at the expense of the local poor class families. http://bharatbusiness.com/the-impact-of-commonwealth-games-on-tourism/

LABOUR MARKET

The labor market of New Delhi also had a huge impact due to the hosting of these games. As a direct consequence of construction boom in New Delhi, around 1 million migrant workers entered Delhi from neighboring cities such as Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (Sengupta, 2010). These three cities are among the poorest in the country and most of these migrants work under a corrupt labour system whereby they get paid less money for their effort. New Delhi offered these migrant workers an opportunity to earn a higher income and get credited respectably for the work they put in. From airport upgrades to the expansion of the metro, all the way to the constructions near the games village, each of these advancements have created approximately two and a half million job opportunities. http://www.articlesbase.com/baseball-articles/benefits-from-delhi-common-wealth-2010-games-2523897.html. A study conducted by Building and Woodworkers International suggested that about 300 000 workers were needed, among which include 10000 women and 20000 migrant children. Also, the commonwealth games are part of the construction boom which will grow the domestic construction industry by 50 billion USD a year by 2012 (Source: “India’s Construction Industry: Growth, Opportunity & Constraints”, ASSOCHAM), http://cwg2010cwc.org/media/factSheet.pdf)

In India, there is no shortage of human labour. These migrant workers were working frantically to finish projects by the start of the games. Living in squalid conditions, some of these workers were unaware that their job is temporary. Promised a better income upon arrival in New Delhi, the use of these migrant workers was no different from exploitation because they were used for the purposes of speeding up the construction in the games. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11218833

http://cwg2010cwc.org/media/factSheet.pdf
ENVIRONMENTAL

The 2010 Commonwealth Games was pronounced as “Green Commonwealth Games”. Water shortage has always been a problem in New Delhi due to lack of accountability and that around 50% of the available water is lost (Yadav, 2006). To deal with this issue, New Delhi installed a new water distribution system in East Delhi where the games were located and also upgraded a new water treatment plant at the Games village to ensure clean water supply for the athletes(http://delhigreens.com/2009/03/20/benefits-of-cwg/). A new sewage system was also put into place to prevent flow of sewage wastes onto the roads in case of flooding which in turn will keep the roads clean. Added provisions for more toilets in public spaces also help keep roads clean as it prevents the poor class from defecating on the roads. The Thyagaraj stadium, New Delhi and India’s first eco-friendly green stadium offers features such as rainwater harvesting systems and the harnessing of solar energy. http://www.zeenews.com/news616151.html. To add to that, the Rajghat power station in New Delhi was closed a month prior to the games as part of the government’s plan towards cleaning up the air before the games(http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/delhi-agrees-use-commonwealth-games-opportunity-address-air-quality-concerns http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/delhi-do-more-control-pollution-only-games. To address environmental concerns, the Organizing Committee of the CWG held a low carbon fair in Shimla in July as well as held a transportation rally of bicycles and electric cars to raise awareness about reducing the pollution levels. In doing so, New Delhi is taking a step towards becoming a better global city by addressing such issues publicly and making an attempt to better itself as a city. While there were also negative environmental impacts such as deforestation in order to construct the Games village, New Delhi has done a fantastic job in alerting the public and taking extreme measures to improve the environmental standards and the overall living in the city.

http://cleantechnica.com/2010/01/01/new-delhi-contemplates-closing-down-industrial-units-for-clean-commonwealth-games-2010/ enviro

Future Forecasts

In the upcoming years, New Delhi will have to go through a lot more changes if it wants to aim to become a better global city by 2020. The World Urbanization Prospects report predicts that the population of New Delhi will reach approximately 28.6 million by 2025 (World Urbanization Prospects, 2009). Since the population is expected to increase, there can be several changes expected in the city. If New Delhi wants to improve as a global city, it needs to continue building advanced infrastructures and eye appealing structures that will not only be a gateway to tourism, but will also improve the lifestyle of the locals within the city. The labour market sector will take a hit because an increase in the population will correspond to a reduction in job opportunities. Also, as New Delhi advances to its better global city dream, it will become much more difficult for migrant workers to settle in New Delhi. These workers who are naA?ve to the idea of a high class global city will face problems trying to find a job in the city and getting accustomed to the fast paced city life. New Delhi Television Limited (NDTV) reports that New Delhi is one of the nation’s most polluted cities (NDTV News, 2009). If Delhi wants to improve as a global city, it needs to undertake several tasks. One possible solution is mandating annual pollution checks for old vehicles and getting those vehicles that fail the test off the roads. Another viable solution New Delhi can consider is regulating Carbon emission levels for various power plants across the city to ensure safe air quality and living standards within the city. Also, with the increasing population and modernizing of the city, living will become much more expensive and New Delhi will have to

As Saskia Sassen (1991) states, “Global cities are places that other countries are looking upto”. For future commonwealth games that are held in South Asia, countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka will look upto New Delhi’s performance and will look to avoid the mistakes made by New Delhi.

Referencing

1) Macionis, J, & Parrillo, V. (2001). Cities and Urban Life. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

2) Lorinc, J. (2008). Groundwork Guide: Cities. (1st ed.). Toronto (ON): Groundwood Books

3)

4) BBC News (2010, September 26). Positive News from New Delhi Commonwealth Games: [Video file]. Video posted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_c4UdhHkB0&feature=player_embedded

5) SkyNews HD (2010, September 22). http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Commonwealth-Games-Delhi-Footbridge-Collapse-Near-Indian-Stadium-Leaves-At-Least-23-Injured/Article/201009315737908

6) ‘ RUSH JOB MAY HAVE LED TO MISHAP’. (2010, September 22). Mail Today,[Page 1]. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 2143297901). Accessible from: http://proquest.umi.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/pqdlink?did=2143297901&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=12520&RQT=309&VName=PQD

7) Jim Yardley. (2010, October 3). As Global Games Begin, India Hopes for Chance To Save National Pride :[Foreign Desk]. New York Times (Late Edition (east Coast)), p. A.6. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from Banking Information Source. (Document ID: 2152454511). Accessible from: http://proquest.umi.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/pqdlink?did=2152454511&sid=5&Fmt=3&clientId=12520&RQT=309&VName=PQD

8) Davis, M. (2004) “Planet of slums,” New Left Review, 26, p 13

9) Sengupta, Mitu http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2010/sengupta190710.html

10) http://www.ndtv.com/news/cities/ghaziabad_ranks_among_indias_most_polluted_cities.php delhi most polluted
http://www.ndtv.com/article/commonwealth%20games/commonwealth-games-2010-a-tourism-disaster-55256 (tourism disaster?)
http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/07/28/india-journal-the-commonwealth-games-then-what/
APPROACH
1st paragraph- historical development (how delhi was developed and how it reached position of global city)
2nd paragraph-move into the commonwealth games(talk about infrastructure developments today)
3rd paragraph-talk more about infrastructures
4th paragraph-what happened to the slums and poor areas due to the games
5th paragraph – effects of tourism reflected by the games
6th paragraph – more on tourism
7th paragraph – effects on Delhi`s Labor Market
8th paragraph-problems at the games and what Delhi has to do in future if it wants to remain a global city
http://www.usq.edu.au/library/help/referencing/apa.htm#av
http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Commonwealth-Games-Delhi-Footbridge-Collapse-Near-Indian-Stadium-Leaves-At-Least-23-Injured/Article/201009315737908
http://hcilondon.in/SportsOverview_Booklet_New%20Graphics_02.07.10.pdf
http://proquest.umi.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/pqdlink?index=16&did=2152831691&SrchMode=3&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1290304677&clientId=12520&aid=1
http://sfx.scholarsportal.info/toronto/az/default?param_sid_save=9ae92bfbd76f262d6cb75f782838f40e&param_lang_save=eng&param_letter_group_save=N&param_perform_save=searchTitle&param_letter_group_script_save=Latin&param_chinese_checkbox_save=0&param_services2filter_save=getFullTxt&param_current_view_save=detail&param_pattern_save=&param_jumpToPage_save=&param_type_save=browseLetterGroup&param_textSearchType_save=startsWith&param_type_value=textSearch&param_jumpToPage_value=&param_textSearchType_value=contains&param_pattern_value=Delhi&param_chinese_checkbox_value=0

http://www.680news.com/news/world/article/73485–india-unveils-new-multibillion-dollar-airport-terminal-as-part-of-infrastructure-push

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2010/news/Jawaharlal-Nehru-Stadium-inaugurated-for-Commonwealth-Games/articleshow/6223709.cms

http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-49341120100616

Today, the tourism environment is increasingly becoming more and more complex. Many countries are losing their tourism industry because of it.

The research topic is “THE IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON HOTEL SECURITY: A CASE STUDY OF BASILAN PROVINCE, PHILIPPINES” which will be achieved by doing epistemology positivism research on two areas: Philippine’s local hotels and random tourists from the world. The research program will focus on how hotel security in the Philippines is being affected by the terrorism and effective methods they apply for rectification.

Any types of terrorism are difficult to swallow. The reason may be too simple or theoretical. Most of the terrorism acts are motivated by two things:

Social and political injustice: sometimes people chose terrorism because they think the right thing is not happening. So, when the things go wrong, they want to take the responsibility to fix the problem.

Violence means justify the end: many people believe that, without violence there are no solution for their problem. So they had to go for the last option because nothing was working.

Terrorism is not new; it has been used many times in history. And the reason is hard to define. Mostly terrorism described as a crime and a holy duty so that the people doing terrorism can justify themselves. According to their point of view they are right so many supporters respect them. Most of the terrorist organization now days, does not have a valid reason for what they are doing and they are very secretive nature.

However, the terrorism activity is creating many problems over the world. Many countries have their own small group of terrorist. The tourism industry is highly affected by the terrorism attract. As example, the country like Philippine’s tourism industry is highly affected by terrorism. They are losing them hotel management industry as well.

1.2 Research Question -Hypothesis

The research will be done in two part/ sector. The sector is really small so the case study research will be more appropriate for this case. The research will have the people’s view and logic. It will have social reality as objective (Marchington, 2000). The research question is ‘THE IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON HOTEL SECURITY: A CASE STUDY OF BASILAN PROVINCE, PHILIPPINES’. This research question will aim at identifying and exploring how terrorism is affecting the tourism and hotel industry (Jankowicz, 2000). The research will seek out the core problems of terrorism attracts towards hotel industry which will be seen necessary to assisting fill out the hotel management (Newell, 2005). The objectives of the study are as follows:

To understand the level of situation by conducting a survey.

To analyse the terrorism act and the hotel management industry of Philippine (Saunders, 2000). This will be done by analysing purpose of tourism, way to solve the problem etc.

To suggest a strategy to rectification to reduce the terrorism within the country.

1.3 Aims and Objectives of Research Process (A Healthy Tourism)

The research aims and objectives are to identify the effective method to develop hotel industry of Philippine and reduce the terrorism process (Wain, 2008). This paper will look at various options that are available in this area in order to identify the core problem (Bryman & Bell, 2007). There are various traditional approaches that corporations adopt in order to develop hotel management situation in the selected area. These are such as reason for losing the industry, managing effectively, development for short and long term etc. Terrorism has so many meanings. A common view is to avoid the situation (Onions, 1973).

1.4 Justification/ Rationale of Topic Selection

Today the business world is full of competition. They have to be very careful about decision making, to be in the field of competition, the Hotel industry must emphasise on the alternative solution and increase the number of tourist and develop the faith. This dissertation demonstrates how and why terrorism demolishes the tourism industry and how the hotel industry of Philippine is getting highly affected (Burack, 1991), why should we find the problem or why it’s necessary to find solution and what will be the result of it.

The justification of this study is to identify the way to find out the problem regarding terrorism affecting tourism in the Philippines. And provide the related solution to improve according to the problem. The research will help them to find the right method (Nadler, 1992).This will highlight current strategies used in developing and reforming. Also the Research will include the solution methods that will be proposed for the Industry.

1.5 Limitations

The limitation of this research will be limited number of sample (Cameron, 2009). The research will be done in a small area in the Philippines. So the sample number will not be more than 15 to 20 people. And the research will mostly bring out the common expectation and result of the sample size (Brown, 2006 and Bryman, 2008). The sample results will be almost same for everyone. So the data will not have much diversification. So the conclusion and recommendation will not have uncommon outcome.

The time frame for conducting research will be a limitation as it can avoid complete results (Fox-Wolfgramm, 1997). A preferred research contains more participants (Echeverri, 2005). The employee participation will be a limitation as for the interview they also going to give some extra time. And also we have got a controversial research topic on which people does not want to talk much. So it may be the limitation for the research.

1.6 Outline of paper

The outline of the paper will include the whole research proposal summery. The first chapter is introduction where the research topic got introduced. The first chapter outlines the purpose and the structure of the study along with the main limitations of the research (Taylor, 1994). The second chapter provides a critical analysis of the existing literature regarding the Terrorist affecting tourism. The third Chapter continues by the main methodological approach concerned in relation to the study alongside its sample procedures and ethical considerations for the success of this research (Coulson – Thomas, 2001). And the forth chapter will be the conclusion and summary of the study as well as the Justification of topic, Clarification of research question and how it will be.

1.7 Conclusion

The first chapter has points out the purpose of this study. It also introduced the methods we will be using for the research. This chapter introduced the topic and the limitation of the research. That will help to conduct research in scientific method. The next chapters are literature review and methodology, will give a logical look to the research (Likert, 1961). The first chapter organizes the information to help the research to go further.

Chapter 2 – Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

Here is one definition of a literature review: “… a literature review uses as its database reports of primary or original scholarship, and does not report new primary scholarship itself. The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in the vast majority of cases reports are written documents (Buyens, 2001). The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe summaries, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primary reports.” (Cooper, 1988). The literature review will introduce the detail of topic and what the research will contain and will answers the questions like, how we can help to reduce the terrorist act in the tourism industry or how to rectify it (Block, 2008). The chapter will introduce effective method applicable for development of the situation. The literature review will be structured o bring out the maximum information to justify the topic (Putnam, 2000).

2.1.1 Definitions and Introduction to the Topic

The impact of terrorism on hotel security: A case study of Basilan Province, Philippine

Definition: what do we understand by terrorism activities? Basically terrorism is considered the most important conflict without realising threat against the human (Pierre Gurdjian, 2009). Most of the terrorist organization conducts terrorism without any calculative reason. By finding out the reason of how terrorism affecting tourism industry, it will highlight the hotel security system of the Philippine (Karolina & Lena, 2010).

The topic of the research is “THE IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON HOTEL SECURITY: A CASE STUDY OF BASILAN PROVINCE, PHILIPPINES”. The topic will allow us to go through to find out the current situation of hotels and tourism of Philippine to find out the related solutions.

2.2 Strategies for Identification and causes of terrorism and means of rectification

Now a day’s, terrorism is affecting tourism very badly. As example, Bali’s (Indonesia) tourism rate was highly affected by the terrorist bombing in the year 2002. People are actually affected by the situation. And still people do think second time before going to Bali (Peter Senge, 1990). The survey will have the strategies to find out the peoples expectation, knowledge about terrorism act, how they are affected by the act. And also will find out the how people are reacting towards the situation (Hame & Prahaled, 1994).

2.2.1 Find out the Reaction and reflection.

The research will conduct a survey to find out the reaction and reflection of the research question. As the sample size is really small the surveys will be done by traditional, behavioural and semi structured interviews (Cook, et al, 2000). A behavioural descriptive interview process is effective when applicant’s behaviour is significantly analysed during the interview process (Bernardi, 1997). The traditional interview to analyse the applicant’s abilities, personality and responses (Tanova, 2003). The semi structured interview will gain the in-depth information from the participants (Stokes & Bergin, 2006)

2.2.2 Causes of the Terrorism and how it is affecting Tourism of Philippine

United States of America defines terrorism as unlawful threat and violence to create fear. The terrorism is done in a very calculative method. There are main three main elements, political, religious and ideological. The end result of it is violence, fear and intimidation. In Philippine the terrorism is against the government. It is based on political issue conducted by Islamic terrorist group. Since January 2000 radical Islamist group and Islamic separatist forces are responsible many terrorism act such 40 major bombing against local people. It happened mostly in southern part of the country and Basilan is one of the major cities which is affected.

2.2.3 Rectification of the situation

The tourism industry worldwide is has been affected by the threat terrorism attacks in modern era. Especially it affected Hotels, which serve a core function as supplier of tourist accommodation (Purcell et al, 2003). It is very important to enhance security awareness and skill that the employees needed. Technology is very important element. The situations will under control if the communication cooperation and collaboration is strong between the hotels. If the bonding is strong within the industry and with external stakeholders than government will also be strong to bring success against the terrorism (Jackson and Schuler, 1995).

Hotel Industry of Basilan

Terrorist incident can be very harmful and it leaves an impact on the hotel sector. Hotels have history for being targeted many times for terrorism act. The terrorist attracts those hotels which usually has more foreign traveller for business and official purpose. (Aragon-Sanchez et al, 2003). Security is very important for the hotel. They should have essential technological support for security. As example, they must have CCTVs. The hotel with large compound must have more cameras in many corners. The Philippine police force gives the premium support for the hotels. So far security system had been revised and tightened after 11 September 2001 (Pfeffer, 2005). Additional cameras are included. Instead of room keys the sensor cards were introduced in most of the big hotels. Employees went through special; training (Wright et al, 2004).

Reason for targeting hotels because they offer high degree of access and it is usually 24 hours a day (Junior, Middle & Senior Managers) Luxurious hotels have more public activities, spaces and entrance and exits. And foreigners also gathered there. In big hotels, there are many prestigious conferences and meetings are conducted (Holton III & Naquin, 2005). In many cases many political body, government officials gathered together in the hotels. According to the architectural design most of the hotels have grand specious lobby for which security is unlikely to have guided rule (Stead, 2004).

However many techniques such as protective barriers, surveillance, identification of employees and alarm system are essentially reactive. We should also remember that, terrorists know the smarter way to use the technologies. They have using the technologies in a very sophisticated way (Kessels, 1993).

2.2.5 Hotel Industry Research

So far, research in the hotel industry security has limited to date. A complete research always explained that hotel have such an environment for which terrorism is always invited. (Anderson, 2007). It is now not possible for the hotels which already exist. But for the new constructions, it is very important to redesign and maintain security strategies. Policies and practice need to change. It is very important to check the background of the employee’s specially employees who has certain level of power and responsibility (Fairbairns, 1991). When we are talking about hotel protection and tourism it clearly presents dilemmas for management and circumstances in Philippines are explored after the presentation of some information about the country because it pertinent to the discussion (Jackson, 1989).

Gap in the Literature

Above information are gathered through time. Like history, terrorism is still a mystery and hard to understand. In many cases the hotel may need extra security for any special event (Boyatzis, 2008). No one can take guaranty of what is going to happen. So, no one is ready to take the responsibility. And to many, it is a loss project now. It is also a risky business (Pilbeam & Corbridge, 2002). In that case the research might take a different shape. (Boyatzis, 2008). People are not interested to talk about the situations. Local people are not interested and they think they have no future in tourism industry. So, even though the research and solution it is very hard to motivate the local people. All depends the level of terrorism and patient of the hotel owners (Pilbeam & Corbridge, 2002).

2.4 Conclusion

The literature review will select the way to find out the way of the situation and the right method (Brooks & Hulme, 2007). According to the survey result the research will try to develop a picture of the current status of Basilan, Philippines. It will also specify the components, methodology and obligations of the tourist and terrorism (Shields, 2007). Other than that Literature review will also explain the terrorism act happening all over the world. It will highlight some key examples as well. The literature review will also mentioned about the gaps of the research.

Chapter 3 – Methodology

3.1 Introduction

Methodology reminds us the word method. And we believe probably they are similar. But methodology has a particular meaning an ‘ology’ of course is the study of a whole academic field (Gill, 1997). Methodology is the study of methods and it raises all sorts of philosophical questions about what it is possible for researchers to know and how valid their claims to knowledge might be.

The research will be intensively based on the collection of primary data and analysis of both primary and secondary data (Locke, 1993). The major reliance of the research design is collection of primary data via interviews and then preference will be given on case studies and organizational documents. The type of questions in the interview is consisted of two parts (Yin, 1994). The part one tries to explore the reason of terrorism; however the Part two actually examines how it is affecting tourism industry and peoples opinion about Philippine. The purpose of this chapter is to find out the right method to conduct the survey. The purpose of the survey, the way we will collect the data, the philosophy of the survey etc (Remenyi, 1998).

3.2 Research Philosophy

Management research is both about knowledge and action (McNiff, 1996). The relationship between knowledge and action is not straight forward. While there are several issues that one needs to consider at the outset of a qualitative journey we believe that familiarity with the basic Philosophical aspects underpinning qualitative research is a prerequisite (Eriksson & Kovalainen, 2008).

Ontology and epistemology interested in examine the same phenomenon, but their believe will lead them to set up their studies differently because of their views of evidence, analysis and purpose of research meaning (Potter, 1996). Epistemology bring out the questions like what do we regard as knowledge or evidence of things in the social world; what is our theory of knowledge; what are the principles and rules by which we decide whether and how social phenomena can be known and how knowledge can be demonstrated? (Brymen & Bell, 2003). There are different epistemologies exists such as positivism, interpretive and constructionist.

3.2.1 Research Paradigm

Realism and positivism are often claimed to be the same but should be treated as separate approaches (Johnson and Duberly, 2000). Positivism believes only phenomena or knowledge confirmed by people’s senses. Thios theory needs to generate testable hypothesis which will allow the explanation of law (Brymen & Bell, 2003). This theory gain knowledge through gathering facts. This research will follow the positivism as the realist researchers into management believe, with positivist, that the knowledge we gain through research can accurate mirror reality itself.

Research paradigm will be analysing and evaluating the abstract belief in the way data should be collected, analysed and used in a research (Healy, et al., 2000 and Kupers, 2008). Two major research philosophies, positivism and phenomenological, for qualitative data collection will be essentially analysed in respect to both speculative beliefs in how data should be gathered using different approaches (Fisher, 2010). This section will use the research paradigm which is usually generated from the survey report (Bryman& Bell, 2007; Robson, 2002).

Research paradigm should generally be seen through theoretical frameworks that direct the investigator to achieving his objective (Sobh & Perry, 2006). A critical analysis on the three components of the research paradigm which include; ontology, epistemology and methodology will be evaluated with contributions from different academic source (Healy & Perry, 2000; Jankowicz, 2000). Ultimately, the next section will significantly analyse the research design in relation to the case study which will be under studied.

3.3 Research Design

Most of the realist research is based upon a comparison of qualitative case studies, which are analysed to whether there are any connections between variables. Qualitative case study provides a broader and deeper understanding of processes may give an opportunity to work out the ways in which one variable is casually linked to others (Flick, 2002). The disadvantage of the case based approach is that there is often too small a sample of cases to claim to claim that the links of cause and effect identified apply generally (Kvale, 1996).

The researcher has developed the questionnaire in order to collect qualitative data through interview. The language of the questionnaire is English, since the majority of the guests are international (Richards & Morse, 2007). There will be three parts to the questionnaire, which will consist of list questions, rating questions and open questions. For the qualitative data which supplements the quantitative data, it will be analyzed using content analysis (Lofland, 1976).

3.4 Sample of Participants / Procedure

Various academic sources will contribute to evaluating and focusing on words in the collection and analysis of data as regards technique to collecting empirical data, the techniques include interviews, questionnaires and observational methods (Alam, 2005; Bryman& Bell, 2007). However, the data collection methods to be used will be semi-structured interviews, direct observations, telephone and Skype which are sequentially addressed in due course as the research progress (Brannan, 2008).

Interviewing 1 Director, Hotel of Basilan 1.

Interviewing 1 Director, Hotel of Basilan 2

This section will evaluate the amount of participants to be studied in the organisation following sampling size method which is the most common procedure in qualitative research (Saunders, et al, 2007). The director and the security in charge of the hotel will provide most of the problems and development situation (Buyens & Devos, 2001; Dalen, et al, 2001). The compilation of survey result and interview will conduct the research (Cameron & Price, 2007).

3.4.1 Data Collection tool

The data collection tool is the designed questionnaire, which is consisted of twenty questions. The collection will be through questions of open ended and close ended type (Bell, 1987). These types of questions will try to analyze the employees’ assessment and expectations regarding the learning development factors of the organization.

The research will be based on positivism principles with deductive approach (Coolical, 1990). Since no evident research has been recorded yet therefore major reliance will be over the primary data collection.

3.4.2 Data Analysis

This study expects to provide recommendations on improving Hotel Industry. The study will aim to ascertain the level of tourist satisfaction in terms of tourism industry (Bulmer, 1977); to enable the industry of Philippine to gain a sustainable competitive development through applying different method (Feeney, 1990).

3.5 Ethical Considerations

Ethical consideration will analyse the import of considering the research ethics as a vital process that should be considered extensively to influencing the access of the researcher into the organisation as a whole to obtain the data under investigation (Saunders, et al, 2007).

3.6 Validity and Reliability

The reliability of this research shows its validity because there are many research has done in this topic and they were successfully applied in the industries (Gill, 1991). The reliability and validity will be the true measurement and testing of the quality of the research work as well as an instrument for conducting qualitative data collection methods (Alam, 2005; Bryman, 2008). This research will highlight two dimensions Reliability and validity to get the process and information (Preece, 1994)

3.7 Conclusion

The methodology chapter included the research philosophy, paradigm and the design of the research. This chapter tried to show the justification of how this research should choose the right paradigm, philosophy (Kane, 1985). At the end the reliability and validity of carrying out this study will be to take into consideration the data to be analysed and implemented (Lawler, 1985).

Chapter 4 – Conclusion

4.1 Summary of approach of research

The research will analyse about the various approaches to evaluate successfully (Silverman, 1985). This will give a idea about Philippine Hotel and Tourism Industry. This research will help to evaluate with the other terrorism affected country (Gummesson, 1991).

4.2 Justification of topic

The justification of the research will be find out the serious understanding of terrorist attack in the Philippines and will try to provide the right advice and method. From this research the Hotel Industry will get to know about their insight gaps and level of effort they need to give to improve (Mabey & Ramirez, 2004).

4.3 Clarification of research question and how it will be addressed

Before we go through the survey, it is very important to know about Terrorism and tourism and how it is affecting hotel industries. It is also important to realise how it is capturing importance day by day (Tjepkema, 2001). After conducting the interviews, research philosophy and deductive, positivism research, we will understand the organizational current situation and way to implement the recommendations (Holbeche, 2007)

Disaster can be categorized according to many situations like it can be defined as the state of war that communities react globally against aggression. It can be an expression of vulnerability. We can also say that disaster is a state of uncertainty. Thus the consequences of any kind of disaster are so great that they can’t be ignored and the responsibility comes to the government account.

SAMPLE DISASTERS

The disaster can be of any kind. We can say any unlike activity. It may be according to natural forces for example earthquakes, flooding, extreme temperature, environmental hazards, fires, cyclones. It can be technical failures causing the system pause and also the ongoing activities cease. Disaster can be graded as a human interference like crimes and explosion. Now a day globally we are exposed to all kind of disasters including both geographical and humanly created mess. Like flood that come in Chicago in April 13, 1992 destroyed 230 buildings and all the power supply was damaged badly. If we talk about the World trade Centre explosion in February 26, 1993 the destruction mainly affects the business in the centre and there was no margin to take precaution. The earthquake in San Francisco o 18, October, 1989 damaged the bay bridge which has stressed the business in the city because the bridge is collapsed and all business in the city was stopped. Similarly the hurricanes Andrew that arrived in the south Florida area made destruction to extents that end almost every activity. Thus disaster in any shape proven to be the worst experience no matter where it comes.

Impact of Natural disaster on environment

Natural disaster is any inevitable event that affects the environment. It not only results in mass loss of human lives but also adversely affect the economy of the region. Natural disasters have long history of occurrence which cannot be predicted, nor can it be avoided. Many researchers state that that disaster is interrupted the state in which social fabric is disrupted and becomes dysfunctional to a greater or lesser extent. Many recent disaster e.g. tsunami in Indian ocean in 2004, earth quake in Pakistan in 2005, and Haiti earthquake in 2010 are thoroughly discussed in print and electronic media, yet our understanding of its economic impact and recovery plan is quiet premature. This topic highlights the effects of natural disaster on a region.

For the impacts and its metigation it’s very much important that we should know the magnitude of the disaster. The area that is directly affected and indirectly affected. Directly means the place where it actually happens and indirectly refers to the surrounding environment that is near with the disaster place. As in disaster the people move to other safe places for their survival. It stresses the other city in every account like to manage the space, food, and other life facilities to start their normal life again.

PREPAREDNESS FOR DISASTER:

For all these the government work and try very hard to cope up with situation. In some countries already disaster management cell are functional and in some countries we can see the law and order and they immediately respond to such dilemma. We also have such examples that there are recovery plans for disasters but the issues are that these plans are outdated. The trained people are less in number. It takes too much time to implement. It’s not an easy task. Mostly we see that short term plans are prepared and acted on it. The requirement for the successful disaster management activity is the cooperation by the effected people as well as the rest of the society. So far we see all over the world people generously participate for the disasters and try really hard to help the effecties. They really come up with practical potentials that sort the worst matter. Monitoring is also important after the measures because the effected people settlement may take years. In the disaster area collective stress is being created. Like some places that are easily approachable and some are far enough for the team to reach there for rescue. The government should be clear where to place the emergency cell and how it will work and they must communicate properly to the effectives and rest of the society the methodology. So that the interested people to help the victims and they should know the reality too. All this information can be transmitted by the satellites, good telecommunication system in the area.

NATURAL DISASTERS IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan is the country that has esthetically beautiful landscapes featuring mountains. River plains, desert track and 960 Kilometer coastal area that exposed it to natural disasters. One of the reasons for disasters is that Pakistan is located in the region that’s on the Indian plate that collides with the Eurasian plate and it’s not getting mature geographically up till now.

Disaster cycles that are very common in the geographical history are predominantly flood, drought also persist, high intensity rain spell, earthquakes, cyclones and tsunami. Socially vulnerability and also the diseases are also the issues that to be deal with the natural disasters.

Historically if we figure out the disasters and the number of people dead as a result and also the economic stress that Pakistan is facing then we can make analysis that its very usual within every five or ten years a big disaster hit any area and almost everything is destroyed, which can be the factor for its slow development. Due to these natural disasters Pakistani economical condition is very weak. Every year 3-4% of the budget is used for the rehabilitation from all the disasters.

EARTHQUAKE:

Like the earthquake in May 31, 1935 dead people reported were 60,000. After this much big disaster two earthquakes effecting less people struck the area in November 27, 1945 and December 28, 1974.The deaths reported were 4,000 and 4,700 respectively. Then up till 2005 no earthquake has strike the region but on October 5 the earthquake shaken the Northern side of Pakistan and has majorly destroyed the north side. More than 82,000 people were killed; 3.3 million people were left injured and homeless. All these incidences have place Pakistan in a very difficult situation. Everything was ruined badly and it took almost 5 to 10 years for rehabilitation.

FLOOD:

HISTORY: tells us that flood is affecting Pakistan area very frequently. Flood in 1950, 2,900 people were died, in Aug-1973 4, effected people were 800,000, flood in 2-Aug-1976 killed 5,566,000, in Jun-1977 people effected were 848, next year flood in Jul-1978 effects 2,246,000 people, similarly again the next year there was a flood affecting 1,000,000 poor people in august, then after 4 years gap flood came in 9-Aug effecting 6,184,418people, in Sep dead people were 12,324,024. Then again in 22-Jul-1995 flood death rated1,255,000 people and in 24-Aug-1996 dead people reported were 1,186,131.the history of flood does not end here. 3-Mar-1998 another flood destroys the area making1, 000 people to death. More over the flood destruction has added another year in the list like the flood of 2010 July- August.

2010 FLOOD:

Now a day’s heavy monsoon rains have triggered flooding that has left over 1,500 people dead. The death toll may reach in the thousands as flooding has spread throughout the country and countless are missing due to flash floods and landslides. On top of this, more monsoon rains and flooding are on the way according to Pakistan meteorological department which may continue till end of August. Millions of homes in thousands of villages and towns have been destroyed. According to reports, over 13 Million people have been affected by this disaster – more than the 2004 Indonesia Tsunami, 2005 Pakistan Earthquake, and 2010 Haiti Earthquake combined and destruction is increasing each day. Infrastructure such as dams, power stations, roads, bridges, schools, agriculture wells, and drinking water hand pumps have been severely damaged or destroyed.

ECONOMICAL STATE OF PAKISTAN AFTER THE FLOOD DISASTER

Economically Pakistan is a poor country and its economic growth faced a serious setback in fiscal year 2009 because of many factors such as the depressed consumer credit market, slow progress of public sector programmers, inflation, reduction in subsidies, threat of security, and instability in the state and energy crisis. Additionally, no attention was given to the agriculture sector. The exports declined by six percent and imports by 10 percent. The only thing that became a silver lining was the increment in remittances by 22%. Apart from ignorance, agriculture sector has shown credible results because of good weather. Major crops, wheat, rice and maize recorded impressive growth i.e. 7.7% against the target of 4.5%. Live stock and poultry also add to GDP as there was no viral disease this year. The economic condition is declining although positive efforts are made in this regard but due to the poor electricity condition and also the destruction of the infrastructure by the flood, the loss of many resource personals lives and their settled community now making it difficult for the country to sustain in the foreign market. As the infrastructure is totally destroyed so the import and transport is stopped. Even if there are temporary ways it is still a difficult task. Like helping people is more important in flood rather than import export. Food and living materials required on daily basis by the people, those who lost their everything, they are completely dependent on others for their survivals.

Floods in the northern areas of Pakistan have caused devastating effects. Sindh province has been declared red alert for the upcoming floods. The Indus river flows from Indus to Karachi which has increased the threat to the villages and people living beside it. Authorities have evacuated more than half a million people to save their lives.

One of the local said that “Floods killed our people, they have ruined our homes and even washed away the graves of our loved ones”.

It is considered to be the worst floods in 80 years in the region which have killed at 1,600 people and affected about 12 million others.

“The president of Pakistan Mr Asif Ali Zardari who was on a foreign trip refused to take any criticism about the flood situation in Pakistan. He was of the opinion that he was being kept up to date about the relief efforts being made in the affected areas and the cabinet was directing the efforts”. He further assured the assistance from his visiting countries i.e. UAE, France and UK, regarding the relief and rehabilitation of the flood effectiees.

Mr President further said that, “I’m the one who’s given all the powers from the presidency to the parliament. The parliament is in session – the Senate is in session. It’s the prime minister’s responsibility, and he’s fulfilling his responsibility.”

The point of concern here is that in Sindh two more days of rain are expected by the Pakistan’s meteorological office which could be dangerous and can cause high level of flood thus area is warned as red alert.

Mr Amal Masud, the National Disaster Management Authority added that in the bad weather the relief operations are also effected thus helicopters could not fly to the affected areas for rescue and relief activities.

Prime Minister Gilani declaring the 2010 flood as the worst Flood in Pakistan’s 63 year history and thus appealed for help from international organizations and has expected the locals to cooperate with the people helping them in this disaster.

“I would ask the international community to support and help Pakistan alleviate the sufferings of its flood-affected people,” he said.

Mr Gilani further added “The next two days are very critical. Our top priority is to rescue people, to save their lives. But we will also provide them all facilities, and we will work for their rehabilitation.”

Much of the area along Indus River is submerged in the flood, still authorities have evacuated the rest of places to help people especially from the low-lying areas. Although some local famers were reluctant to leave their land and belongings but it was necessary to evacuate those places even by forcing them. The rescue mission is mainly headed by army and navy which will continue throughout the relief activities. In Sindh province more than half a million people have been evacuated.

The Pakistan’s food supply will have long term effects due to the present floods as it has overwhelmed vast agricultural areas. Officials said it is the biggest disaster in the country’s history affecting 12 million people so far. The maximum level of water has reached in the Tarbela and Mangla dams which is a warning by engineers for the damage.

Due to the breach of dam in northern Sindh’s Kashmore district, thousands of residents took shelter on rooftops or in trees, it has also inundated large parts of the surrounding area with floodwater. “The authorities are trying to prevent the breach of any other dam downstream”, said by Shoaib Hasan in Karachi. One of the Pakistan’s largest gas field The Qadirpur is also threatened by the breach. Many people refused to leave their land, crops and homes which is a difficult moment even knowing the threat to further deluges.

“We are compelling them to evacuate because there is massive danger to their lives,” Irrigation Minister Jam Saifullah Dharejo said.

The current measure of the destroyed homes so far is 650,000, a 1.4m acre (557,000 hectares) of agricultural land has been flooded and 10,000 cows have died, declared by the officials.

In comparison with the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the present disaster 2010 flood was “on a par”, which killed almost 73,000 people badly damaged infrastructure.

The flood affecties have been critical of the government’s response and other relief activities feeling helpless and ignored.

“Floods killed our people, they have ruined our homes and even washed away the graves of our loved ones,” Mai Sahat told the Associated Press near Sukkur, Sindh. “Yet we are here without help from the government.”

The administration struggling to contain the Taliban and an economic crisis, is facing more pressure by the victims which bitterly accused the authorities of failing to come to their aid in this devastating disaster. Thus, the authorities and victims both are facing alot of issues along with other previous crisis. On the other hand, mountainous region of Ladakh was hit by flash floods which has killed 120 people with a ratio of 100 missing, building wee also damaged. The authorities of Indian-administered Kashmir are recovering bodies and highly concerned with a fast relief action.

Whole of Pakistan is currently facing the devastating effects of flood. In Punjab hundreds of villages were submerged in flood water. It has destroyed homes, soaked the crops and threatened lives. Aid workers are also finding difficulty for the rescue delivery due to the nonstop raining and as a result more floods are coming out. As most of the affecties are poor people thus many organization is trying to help them in this hard time. UN also scrambles to provide food and other assistance to about 3.2 million affected people. This year’s monsoon season has caused the worst flood in Pakistan.

Punjab is the richest and most populous province of Pakistan. The destruction in northwest was very volatile and the floodwater has hitted Punjab with the even high intensity. The rescue team of army tried to move villagers to higher ground through boats and helicopters. In the south of the province the tracts of Kot Addu and nearby area of layyah, water was so high that only upper most floors of some buildings and treetops were visible.

During a visit to the flood affected area, the news reporters were briefed by Military spokesman Maj. Gen. Nadir Zeb that at least 30,000 people have been rescued from flood-hit zones in Kot Addu and areas over the previous 72 hours. He warned of more flooding as more rains were forecast in the next few days.

“People must cooperate with us, and they must leave those areas where floods are going to hit,” he said.

Muhammad Hanif, head of the National Weather Forecasting Center in Islamabad said that monsoon season in Pakistan usually lasts about three months, through mid-September. In a typical year, the country gets an average 137 mm (5.4 inches) worth of rainfall during the monsoon season. This year, it already has received 160 mm (6.3 inches). Hanif said the rains are already falling about 25 to 30 percent above normal rates. It was the hardest rain experienced by northwest can be called “once-in-a-century” rains. The death toll in the northwest region was highest. The significant amount of rain should be expected in Sindh province located at south and Punjab’s at east.

The Pakistan’s National Disaster management authority said that at least 47 people killed, 1,000 villages have been affected and 25,000 houses destroyed in Punjab since late July. The stretched crops of Pakistan are mainly grown in Punjab which is the Pakistan’s breadbasket were badly destroyed by the floodwater. Numerous crops have also been lost in the northwest. U.N has warned that due to loss of farm has produced the serious food shortage and thus World Food Program has estimated that over next month 1.8 million people will need to be fed. Along with the crops, buildings and houses all the communication lines are also destroyed and the roads and bridges are washed out. These all severe conditions are main hurdles in the relief and rescue operations.

Including the United States, many foreign counties have stepped in to help the flood affecties. But still there are complains that aid is not reaching them fast enough or at all. This has disturbed the people more and results in aggressive behavior towards the authorities and helping organizations. The Map of Pakistan showing the area affected by the severe and moderate flood is given below.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/world/10/pakistan_floods_2/img/pakistan_floods_01_464_2.gif

FLOOD HANDLING PROCEDURE:

After earthquake relief operation, govt of Pakistan had set up a disaster management cell for fighting out natural disasters like earthquake and floods. However, scale of this flood is much beyond the capacity of that disaster management cell. Likewise in earthquake 2005 Pakistan army has come up once again to help the affected masses. All of army is out of cantonments for carry out flood relief operation throughout the country. It is a big challenge which cannot be met at once. Operation has different phases like rescue operation for evacuation of dead and trapped in flood, arrangement for internally displaced persons to alternate locations, provision of basic living facilities like shelter, food and medication, return of IDPs ( Internally displaced persons) to their home location after flood will be over and finally rehabilitation of these IDPs to restart their normal lives.

First phase to fight out flood is being undertaken by govt of Pakistan and Pakistan army. All resources are brought in to move affected population to safe locations. Pakistan army engineer’s corps is carrying out rescue operation for water trapped masses, whereas tent villages are established to accommodate IDPs at safer locations.

After rescue comes the relief phase of operation which includes provision of basic living facilities to affected people. It is not easy task for govt of Pakistan to handle such a disaster which has caused more than 15 million IDPs which is over all larger displacement than tsunami and 2005 earthquake collectively. Whole Pakistani nation has come up to help affected population in terms of donation and volunteer relief work. Still it demands help from international community. UNO and other govt and non govt organization are pumping in to help the situation. In relief phase experts for shelter food and medical care have major role to play. There is no economic activity in flood hit areas and is not expected to restart soon. So more than 15 million IDPs are going to have adverse effects on Pakistan economy.

Monsoon is not over yet and few more rain spells are expected in month of august country wide. This situation depicts that rehabilitation phase is not going to start immediately which alternatively mean extended relief phase. And once rehabilitations starts, keeping in view the severity of flood, its not expected to recover the damage and restart normal routine life for min of two to three years.

After complete destruction of routine life and infra structure in flood hit area, there has been acute shortage of day to day usage items. Demand has incredibly increased than supply which is ultimately going to cause price hikes generally in all over the country and particularly flood hit areas. Inflation of prices and sink of economy is obviously going to create so many living as well as social problems like increase in crime rate, increase of hunger and diseases, lawlessness and exploitation.

All above mentioned problems and issues pose great challenge for govt of Pakistan. It is a very serious issue which needs to be handled with great care. Govt of Pakistan will have to take both short term and long term measures to fight existing challenge and avoid such massive damage in future. As a short time and immediate measure, all efforts must be made to accelerate ongoing relief operation and provide basic needs to all the affected population. All govt machinery and international organization should gear up to work together on same lines with each other’s collaboration. All agencies must be on one grid with central monitoring so that wastage and duplication of effort be kept to minimum. There had been an existing structure after earthquake as disaster management cell, if all agency try to work together in order to do capacity building of disaster management cell instead of working in independent capacities, it can really boost the relief work.

CONCLUSION

Pakistan is a country which is already dependent on foreign aid to cope up with economic situation and also to fight back with the militants’ war in the country. So management of the situation and also the right decision are very important to cope up with the disasters.

Its govt responsibility to start media campaign to motivate whole nation to work together , project the relief work being undertaken and reduce frustration of the affected. At the same time , govt should encourage all volunteer teams , local NGOs, oversea Pakistanis and international community and take them on board to fight this catastrophe. Key factor in fetching the max out of all will be transparency and fairness of the procedure to utilize the aid to benefit IDPs.

It may not be easy for govt to afford rehabilitation of all these IDPs, it will be helpful to give incentives to international agencies for investments in all over the country as payback to their assistance in rehabilitation of IDPs.

Keeping in view the terrain and weather of Pakistan, it is very likely to face flood in future as well. Short terms measure can never be a permanent solution to these catastrophes. There can be no way to avoid floods in future except making dams to store and control excessive waters. Construction of dams in Pakistan had been politicized over few decades. This is the right time for govt of Pakistan to take decision for constructions of dams at various locations throughout the country. This will not only help in avoiding flood but will also solve the biggest energy crises by production of electricity.

All existing dams and canal system is old one and capacity of all rivers, canals and dams has been greatly reduced due to silt. In addition to construction of new dams, expansion and cleaning of existing dam and canal system is also imperative.

There is no question that present flood has caused devastating effects on Pakistan economy which will take years to recover. But such catastrophes are always food of thought for future and prove to be turning points for nations to plan ahead. This is the time for govt of Pakistan to revise their economic policies and bring reforms. Nothing is more than safety of people, so serious issues relating survival of nations would not be politicized at all. We hope after recovering from this flood, Pakistan gets on to the track leading to benefit of whole of country instead of few.

What impacts have the low cost airlines had on the tourism product in Singapore? Consider this from a consumer perspective and a supplier perspective; i.e. hoteliers.

Introduction

Tourism related activities have change and grown in different ways of classifying the industry have emerged. It has also evolved as attempts have been made to place a title on a difficult to define group of naturally related service activities and participants. The activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs is temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal place of work and residences.

History of Low cost carrier

The first airline that created the concept of a low cost airline is Southwest Airline, an American domestic carrier which launched its flight on 18 June 1971. The airline was created to provide consumers with cheap airfares. The creation of low cost carriers proved to be attractive to consumers, and also a threat to premium airlines as they were able to offer cheaper airfares as compared to the full cost airlines.

With its unique branding of air stewardesses in hot pants and white boots, Southwest’s concept was copied around the world. More people began to see the success in the concept of low cost carriers, and the market for low cost carriers began to expend.

The industry for low cost carriers has grown significantly over the past decade. According to an Airline Business low-cost airline survey done in 2011, low cost carriers “carried nearly 640 million passengers in 2010”.

Low cost carrier in Singapore

In Singapore, there are three low cost carriers based here, and a total of 6 low cost carriers that have operations in the country. The pioneer low cost airline in Singapore is Tigerair, previously known as Tiger Airways. The budget carrier was established in 2004, and has since then grown to be the biggest low cost carrier, and second biggest airline in Singapore as of 29 April 2010. Jetstar Asia, which was established soon after Tigerair in 2004, is also one of the airlines based in Singapore.

As these low cost carriers have managed to create a new market, traditional airlines are more inclined to create a low cost carrier as subsidiary so as to maintain or even increase its market share. As a result, airlines such as Scoot were created. Scoot is a low cost carrier established by Singapore Airlines, to offer no-frills, low-fare flights for medium and long-haul routes.

In general, low cost carriers have a positive effect on the travel industry. While it may have a negative impact on premium airlines, low cost carriers have managed to increase the profit of the tourism industry. This is because passengers who have been unwilling or unable to afford the traditional full-frill airfares now have the option to fly at a lower airfare.

In Singapore, the growth of the low cost airline industry has increased so much over the years, there was a budget terminal built specially for low cost carriers. However, as there is still much potential for low cost carriers to expand, the Singapore government has decided to tear down the budget terminal and build a new Terminal 4, in order to provide passengers with the best experience. This is a prominent evidence that proves that low cost carriers have become an influential segment here in Singapore.

Jetstar Asia had scheduled 37 flights to Singapore on February 12, 2014, on an average 1.5 hours a flight landing in Singapore which is very frequent. This is one of the reason why Singapore Changi International Airport ranked 15^th in the world busiest airport 2013 with the passengers of 51,181,804 in 2012.

Consumer perspective

When the budget airline concept first launched, many consumers deem it’s unsafe, and even flying without maintenances. A few years down the road, more and more consumers are choosing low cost carrier as their first choice when flying overseas. The word “budget” implies something made cheaply, without much concern for quality, but the answer to this is no. Budget airlines are no less safe than any other airline, cutting corners on safety could completely ruin their business. Some of their cost-cutting measures even increase safety.

The biggest differences between low cost carrier and full-fledged carrier are that low cost carrier plane is smaller than full-fledged carrier plane, and on-board catering has to be paid extra when flying with budget airlines, extra costs mean the quality of the food is often good or even better than the regular airlines. Consumers are recommended to look at hidden extra charges and what is the special offers which regular airlines have before they book the flights. Consumers who are flying short distance may prefer to fly with budget airline as they may find that the additional services of a traditional airline are redundant.

Not all passengers taking low cost carriers are budget traveler, because some are taking short route flight, and they just need a seat to fly to certain country. 40% of the travelers are visiting friends or relatives, 37% for vacation or leisure, 20% for business and 3% of other purpose.

Definition of tourism product

It is the inclusion of a whole tourism package to meet the clients’ expectations. These would include accommodation, tourism, meals, entertainment, and transport among others. It can be divided into a local product to encourage the citizens to participate or international products for revenue collection.

5 Advantages of tour package

Convenience – Traveler does not need to spend a lot of time deciding what to do and which supplier to use. The decision-making process will be shortened.

One-stop shopping – One payment covers the cost and paperwork of two or more services which made buying process easier. The traveler is allowed to know how much the trip will cost because all inclusive tour can be seen as virtually cash free

Cost savings – Tour packages will be more expensive if the tourist were to buy all the elements separately, tour group are able to able to get special discount and this cost saving will be passed on the tourists because they are able to take advantage of volume discount straight from the suppliers.

Special treatment – Tour member will receive privileged treatment as the volume of business tour operator represent to service supplier. Take for example that tour group members seldom stand in the long queue or under the hot sun, transport are park near from the entrances to attractions and when they arrived, the hotelier will pre-check-in the tour groups, and they just simply pass them the hotel key.

Worry free – The tour personnel will handle problems and details allowing the tourists to concentrate on the experiences and the new world around them when traveling on a hosted or escorted tour.

Economic impacts

When travelers from another country purchase goods and services within Singapore, tourism acts as an export industry by earning revenues from external sources. Travelers’ expenditures also increase the general level of economic activity in the host community in numerous ways, direct and indirectly, the two most visible being creating new job opportunities and income. Taxes collected by government will also increase with the higher level of economic activity.

There are several factors that can influence the level of tourism activities

Introduction

Post World War II had seen a significant boost in the travel, tourism and hospitality industries moreover on cross-national or international boundaries with accommodation acting as a catalyst by providing the tourists a place to stay and rest thus contributing to a major part in the decision-making process and movements of tourists. The accommodation sector is the key elment for the tourism development and planning , economy as well with in the destination. As stated by Medlik and Ingram (2000), “the primary function of a hotel is to accommodate those away from home and supply them with their basic needs”.Globalization is changing the business dimensions in the hospitality industry. Baron and Greenberg (1997) observed a boost in fund injection, affray, and financial strategies over countries. Choi et al. (2000) discerned developing trends of worldwide work exploitation, whereas Wilson et al. (2000) mentioned that information breaches within the agreement policy in accommodation business.

In this scenario, one of the noteworthy views for hospitality managers to realise the significance of global design for the implementation of strategic approach for example, Jones (1999) demonstrated a requirement to intensify vigilance of multi-directional chain management by undertakings for example incorporation, position, arrangement, association, execution, and alteration. Furthermore, in emerging positions hospitality managers are required to designing for increasing globalization.

The World Tourism Organization (2004) outlooks that worldwide tourists will cross over to 1.56 bn by 2020 through positions for example East and Pacific Asia, Middle East, South Asia, and Africa posting over 5 % boost in appearances each year.

Aim and Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the prospects for hospitality managers about the influence of globalization on contemporary business subsequently, the sophisticated notion by Thomas L. Friedman (2000) that:

To analyse the structure of the accommodation sector

The progress of contemporary business is much different in the evaluation for the period of time prior to the Cold War era;

Connection methods have expanded and changed;

There is progress in the development of worldwide purchasing, and

Technology has opened the way for changes in the business environment.

In addition, we are involved to validate if passed psychological ramifications of globalization on individuals and organizations, the results are given, and in the context of strategic significance for hospitality managers in emerging locations.

Literature review

The hotel industry is seen as one of the most ‘global’ in the service part (Litteljohn, 1997; Mace, 1995). In alignment to realise if that likeness is aligned with perform, this paper first examines the forces going by car globalization in the part and then the span to which worldwide hotel chains really chase global strategies. As the topic of what constitutes ‘global strategy’ is hotly argued (Prahalad and Doz, 1987; Bartlett and Ghoshal 1989; Zou and Cavusgil, 1996) the construct itself first desires to be explored. Medlic and Iingram (2000) stated “in many years, hotels are important attractions for visitors who bring with them spending power and who tend to spend at a higher rate than they do when they are at home. Through visitor ‘s spending, hotel thus often contribute significantly to local economies both directly and indirectly through the subsequent diffusion of the visitor’s expenditure to other recipients in the community.”

Accordingly, a destination success means more development and growth of the different forms of the accommodation sector. Cooper et al (1998) stated

” accommodation typically accounting for around one-third of the total trip expenditure, and Gross-Turner (1996) pointed out that it is also an essential ingredient of the tourism experience”.The living publication presents helpful beginning points. Work on internationalization in the hotel part, reconsidered by Burgess et al. (1995), has analyzed a number of matters opposite multinational operators, encompassing application mode strategy (Litteljohn and Roper, 1991 Slattery, 1996) and worldwide marketing strategies (Crawford-Welch, 1991; Alexander and Lockwood, 1996). Particularly pertinent are investigations by Go and Pine (1995), who recount the key components going by car the development of global strategies, and Go et al. (1996) on the procedures of the Four Seasons group. Key outcome are: the significance of a ‘balanced’ global occurrence engaging both built-up and holiday resort hotels; principles to incorporate worldwide worth supplemented undertakings in localities like teaching and purchasing, and; an emphasis on developing global brands. However, their investigation furthermore displayed that in numerous operational undertakings, principle is considerably localized.

These investigations are helpful, but there have been no empirical investigations which systematically assess the span to which foremost worldwide hotel chains are incorporating their undertakings on a global basis. In this paper key proportions of globalization are analyzed and hypotheses are then developed pertaining to the environment and influence of the forces going by car global integration in the industry. Practice in premier British-based worldwide hotel chains is then evaluated.

The conceptual base taken up is drawn from (Malone, 1998, 98), which has been recounted as ‘the most broadly utilised structure for considering the span of, and promise for, industry and market globalization’ (Rosenzweig, 2000, 220). The primary benefit of Yip’s set about is that it is eclectic, drawing upon multiple conceptualizations of the ‘global strategy’ construct. Thus account is taken of the decrease of costs through standardization and centralization (Levitt, 1983; Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989); the span of worldwide market participation (Ohmae, 1995); cross-subsidization (Hamel and Prahalad, 1985); configuration of value-added undertakings (Porter, 1986); and globally incorporated marketing.

In Yip’s form, ‘global strategy’ is construed as the span of world-wide co-ordination and integration in esteem of five strategic ‘levers’ namely: the scope of overseas participation; uniformity of goods and services; position of activities; marketing policy; and comparable moves. The antecedents to the adoption of global strategy are recounted in periods of four groups of ‘drivers’, involving: markets; costs; authorities, and; competition. These drivers render it money-making to make larger or lesser use of the global strategy “levers” which can be conceptualized in periods of a continuum. At one end lies a ‘multi-domestic’ strategy, where the undertakings in each overseas position are very resolute without quotation to situation in other markets. At the other end, ‘global’ strategy is characterised as an set about “that incorporates and manages for worldwide business leverage and comparable advantage” (Yip, 1992, p. 7).

Cost drivers

Three promise localities where hotel chains may gain cost finances through integration of worldwide undertakings were identified. The first was purchasing, where amount buying may permit for ‘sourcing efficiencies’. However, savings in this locality were glimpsed as limited. One professional summarised the consensus.

I wouldn’t anticipate, if Hilton had a good European supplier of furnishings, for them to be utilising that identical supplier in the Far East because; you start running into transport costs; they like to give their hotels a minor local feel; and, a high percentage of worldwide hotels are functioned under management agreement or where the hotel operator has only a part share in the inherent equity. It is the hotel proprietor who does rather many of the buyingaˆ¦

The second locality anxieties the engrossment of ‘back-office’ services, for example the position of accounting services in a low-wage environment. Arthur Andersen (1999) proposed that most of these purposes are inefficiently duplicated on a hotel by hotel cornerstone, and that ‘the hospitality industry bears a disproportionately high cost for its investment and accounting methods in evaluation to other industries, far overhead best perform benchmarks’, with consolidation savings in the district of 2% of hotel incomes feasible. The professionals, although, proposed that achievement of such finances was problematic on a worldwide cornerstone, with savings more associated to dimensions other than global reach.

The third locality where cost components favour incorporated set about worldwide anxieties visitor booking and data systems. Where these can be leveraged globally, worldwide chains can develop cost savings, while advancing incomes through yield management systems which can furthermore direct promise clients to other hotels inside the chain where appropriate. The high cost of the systems, and the significance of all hotels in a chain co-operating for effective presentation, shows the requirement for integration when developing a lone worldwide system.

Market drivers

Hotel chains require balancing the provision of a normalized grade of service and amenities with customers’ concern in some stage of localized adaptation. The repsonse affirmed that visitors, particularly business travelers, anticipated a alike variety of services. Thus in-room worldwide direct dialling (IDD), internet services, a business centre, 24-hour room service and a gymnasium, are glimpsed as ‘minimum application standards’ for a worldwide business hotel. One professional suggested:

As other businesses have become more global and as travelers have become more globalaˆ¦if a famous person rolls up in the Far East and they roll up in the States then there is just that anticipation that the merchandise will be consistentaˆ¦

However the professionals furthermore glimpsed responsiveness as significant, particularly for leisure travelers, on the requirement for localized differentiation, it was documented that the function of hotels inside nations differed. Hotels in western nations normally depend on places to stay charges for the most of their sales, while in Asia nourishment and beverage charges often make up the bulk of hotels ‘ revenues. Asian hotels thus require focusing on supplying more and bigger bistro outlets, aiming at localized diners as well as overnight guests.

Many ‘global customers’ purchase hotel services centrally and multinational companies often assign specific hotel chains as ‘preferred’ suppliers for their employees. This has significances for global participation as numerous business clients will only deal with chains having ample geographic coverage. Second, the chains require incorporating marketing assets to deal the worldwide chain where the clients are producing decisions.

Government drivers

The professionals glimpsed little clues that government principle restricts the proficiency of hotel chains to elaborate internationally or constrains foreign ownership, as the fragmented environment of the industry restricts anxieties over market domination. There is couple of cost and marketing controls and, exception from demonstrations of alcoholic beverage restrictions, couple of restricts on the variety of services that hotels can provide. Additionally, it seems that authorities had couple of anxieties about the influence of worldwide hotels on the localized heritage or competitors and the chains are usually met due to tourism and employment benefits.

Some lawful constraints limiting the possibilities for standardization and integration of worldwide procedures were identified. Labour legislation sways employed hours and salary rates producing, for demonstration, in higher employees to visitor ratios in some countries. Stringent blaze and security guidelines in more developed markets, and distinct measures considering kitchen and assisting amenities, influence hotel conceive and cost levels. Finally, zoning guidelines alter between nations, producing it tough to take up benchmark hotel concepts that help the consignment of a consistent likeness and service.

Competitive drivers

The professionals noted that there is ‘multi-pronged’ affray with chains founded in North America, Europe and Asia competing in most of the world’s biggest markets. Country procedures are glimpsed as interdependent in that hotels inside a chain share marketing and other centralized costs affiliated with visitor data and booking systems. Furthermore, the visitor know-how in one homeland leverages the propensity to stay with the identical chain in other countries. The presentation of hotels in each homeland thus sways the incomes and costs of other hotels inside the network.

It was furthermore documented that in localities for example pay, booking and data systems, worldwide chains that did not take up consistent worldwide systems would find it tough to compete.

Methodology

Travel bosses as characterised in this study mentions to a expert accomplishing a management function pertaining to journey and tourism. This delineation encompasses persons committed in projects for example journey bureaus, journey study and conferring, journey technologies, hotels and holiday resorts, hospitality management, journey newspapers, airlines and aviation, vehicle rental, trip operators, tourism planks, conference and public displaying bureaus, journey distribution systems, journey and tourism learning, journey newspapers, place travelled to management, and place travelled to buying into companies.

Survey types were dispatched out to 1,000 members of the Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA).There was 118 legitimate reviews accomplished and returned. Of the respondents, 35 percent were in the journey services class, 34 percent in tourism, 7 percent in Airline, and 24 percent in hospitality.

The respondents came from 35 nations, namely: Austria, Australia, Bahrain, China, Canada, Cook Islands, Fiji, France, French Polynesia, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Macau, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, New Guinea, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Turkey, Turkmenistan, USA, UK, and Vietnam.

Result and Discussion

Respondent profiles may be farther trained as follows: 73 percent were male and 27 percent were female; 50 percent owned a Bachelor’s stage, 47 percent with a Masters, and 3 percent with a Doctorate; and, 88 percent had not less than 11 years of industry work experience.

We have assembled facts and numbers considering the respondents’ insights on the assured influence of globalization on business, connection, accounting and investment, expertise, and one-by-one psyche. Statements were suggested through a corresponding five-point Likert scale. The quantitative and qualitative levels were 5 for Strongly acquiesce (SA), 4 for Agree (A), 3 for Undecided (U), 2 for Disagree (D), and 1 for Strongly contradict (SD). Since the reason of the study was to work out the centered inclination of the answers to each statement, the weighted signify of each statement was calculated. In alignment to reach at a decisive understanding of the respondents’ centered inclination, we have allotted the next hypothetical signify variety to the levels in each item (se Table I).

Review of associated literature

We postulates that globalization sways business management in not less than five localities and issue out applicable study pertaining to:

1. Evolution of business practices;

2. Changes in connection patterns;

3. Broadening of accounting and investment approaches;

4. Technological enhancements; and

5. Impact on one-by-one and organizational psyche.

Business practices

There live certain business stresses conveyed about my larger market integration. Rosenzweig et al. (2000) demonstrated that for the past 50 years, falling tariffs and the emergence of local dealing blocs had a tremendous influence on world trade and buying into and boosted businesses to gaze at business in a global perspective. Haynes et al. (1999) documented the limitation of merchandise life circuits in a data age, while Cateora and Graham (1999) emphasized the requirement to supply intensified vigilance to heritage particularly in the realm of worldwide marketing and the segmentation of markets.

Communication patterns

Breakthroughs in connection technologies have helped worldwide communication. Kotler and Armstrong (1999) contended the requirement to utilize global connection adaptation strategies when broadcasting over boundaries, while Lussier (1996) alluded to the relevance of non-verbal connection in worldwide business. Friedman (2000) discerned the “democratization of information” in a global natural environment that permits persons to come to out to other ones in a much quicker, deeper, and lower manner.

Accounting and investment approaches

The internet has made economic data and worldwide transactions easier. Malone and Laubacher (1998) mentioned to the emergence of “electronically attached freelancers” (e-lancers) that function virtual organizations that help the flow of economic transactions from any location in the world. Friedman (2000) emphasised that the entire world functions like Wall Street because global buying into has become more befitting and accessible to numerous individuals.

Technological enhancements

The global natural environment may need technological adaptation and adjustments. Bishop (1999) suggested undertaking worldwide expansions evaluations pertaining to telecommunication infrastructure, digital capabilities, and online resources. Buss (1982) articulated the challenge of management of data and expertise over boundaries due to:

Divergence of gear, programs and methods from one venue to another;

Changing costs of staff, hardware, and facts and numbers connection inside and between distinct countries;

Increasing interdependence of firms’ affiliates;

Fast-changing regulatory environments;

Unionizing of facts and numbers processing department personnel; and

The expanding rate of change of data technologies.

Individual and organizational psyche

The global natural environment has the proficiency to sway the mindsets of individuals. Fan and Mak (1998) discerned that it is likely that worldwide participants who need communal abilities and aptitude may conclude to remove from the method and favour to stay inside their solace zones and combine with co-ethnic or like-minded members. Gudykunst and Hammer (1988) alluded to the detail that persons revealed to cross-cultural environments and are unfamiliar with changing heritage ciphers may know-how a high grade of stress in communal comes across, and bear from interpersonal disquiet and self-doubt.

Theoretical publications propose that business practices may change as a outcome of globalization. Insights of journey bosses worldwide are accumulated in alignment to recognise viable strategic approaches.

Survey outcomes and findings

Table II presents chosen repsonse of the journey bosses on business matters pertaining to globalization.

An outcome of the review proposes the following:

Modalities of business have been changed in a global natural environment needing strategic changes from area practitioners in the journey industry.

There lives intensified convenience in operational undertakings conveyed about by globalization.

Business circuits have accelerated and need befitting responses.

Opportunities for inter-organization connection efficiencies can be accomplished as global connection technologies are enhanced.

Realignments in buying into strategies are taking place.

There are seen advantages in the creation of worldwide economic alignments and standardization of practices worldwide.

Technological discovery along with corresponding organizational structure changes are seen as avenues for construction efficiencies.

Country infrastructure for example bandwidth is probable a position consideration.

The global natural environment has the promise to form one-by-one and organizational mindsets and attitudes.

The intensified demands of globalization need that vigilance is put on promise doubts of change that live in organizations.

Conclusion

Approximately one-quarter of the respondents in this study pertains to the hospitality industry. The outlooks and insights conveyed on the globalization matters; while the respondent number restricts generalize ability of deduction the outcome is possibly precious in assisting management approaches. Based on the review outcome, five advances for hospitality managers in emerging positions can be suggested here:

Prepare for globalization, the outcome propose that one-by-one and organizational doubts of the stresses of globalization live in business organizations worldwide. Hospitality managers in emerging positions require addressing these doubts through organizational evaluations, strategic designing, and the formulation of a global vision.

Enhance cross-border information flows. The outcome issue to the convenience of cross-border connection flows in a global environment. Communication efficiencies can be farther increased by hospitality managers through the improvement of worldwide data flows, use of innovative discovering and teaching advances, and the broadening of marketing efforts.

Plan for economic perform modifications. In the review, journey bosses documented changes in economic buying into strategies in a global natural environment, and glimpsed the requirement for the standardization of accounting practices. Hospitality managers in emerging positions should be arranged to attempt changes in their economic operational systems and methods for the sake of perform uniformity and commonality of standards.

Speed up business development efforts. The review outcome show larger conveniences in operational undertakings and the acceleration of business cycles. Regardless of position, hospitality managers are in a place to tap into the pace and trade conveniences conveyed about by globalization. Marketing and developmental efforts require be intensifying and modifying in conjunction with new possibilities that arise.

Utilize expertise strategically. Technology is examined as an intermediate for effectiveness enhancement and bandwidth has become an significant business consideration. Hospitality managers in emerging positions should utilize expertise in a strategic kind in their organizations. Forming innovative technological linkages with government and personal enterprises in both localized and worldwide venues paves the way for technological enhancement and effective organizational integration.

In a global natural environment, journey bosses worldwide have constructed comparable benefits by strengthening efficiencies in business and connection practices, economic management, and technological usage. As hospitality managers in emerging positions face invigorated development prospects, incorporating these practices in their development agenda can become anchors for future success.