Author: Andre Coleman

Child labor is one of the biggest problems around the world because it puts children in danger. It is basically utilizing that under aged children in any form forcing them to work which abuse, harms or violet them. This abuse may be physical, mental or sexual denying the children of their rights of basic education. This problem is increasing in many countries that are because of poverty and other issues, but poverty is the most reason for causing child labor. (1 2 3 Help Me. Internet resources.)

There are many different causes of “bad” child labor around the world. Parents are one of the causes for child labor especially illiterate parents. Some parents are not able to work so they force their children to work instead of them. Hence, children are more easily employed because they get less money paid than adults and they are easier to get abused. Other cause that is the seedbed of child labor and the biggest cause for child labor is Poverty. In some poor countries, the government doesn’t help poor families by providing education, health care or find for them work to get money. So, in this case parents are forced to send their children to work and get money to their parents. Ignorance for the rights of child to be educated and not to be abused, so there are some parents that are rich but they spend their money on drinking, buying drugsaˆ¦ they force their children to work. Otherwise, the children can be beaten or can be abused by their parents so children are forced to leave the home. And when they leave home also they are forced to work because they lost the protection and they need to get me to survive alone in this hard life. (“Child Labour”. OVC Support. Internet resources.)

Most societies expect children to do form of work. So, children are expected to play a part in family work from an early age. This will lead to harmful effects of child labor including low pay. Employers think that abusing children is easier than adults, so children are often paid much less for work done than adults. Long hours, some children are expected to work excessive hours that will result by physical harm. Also, one of the effects of child labor is losing education and taking their rights. Working children will lead for physical harm in many ways, because of long hours of working the body of the child cannot hold hard work as man therefore they will suffer from physical harms. Also, Children working in factories that contain big machines may cause the children to cut their hands or hurt themselves. Children that work in the street are also at risk of physical violence from police officers. Also, they may face in the street strangers or thieves that would steal their money. Children that work in street may get sick because of the bad weather and they don’t have money to buy clothes. Also, children that work in factories that contain toxic gases may lead for bad diseases for children. children that work in any place but especially in factories and street may be abused sexually. Physical, sexual or emotional abuse can leave severe impact on the child for years. It can cause several problems in the in the physical and emotional development of the child. Some other common psychological effect of child abuse is behavior problem attention problem, or drug abuse. These all psychological abuse for child will lead to be a bad person in future when he/she grows up. They will make bad things because when they were children their rights were taken from them and they were abused. Therefore, they will hurt other people abuse them, steal, taking drugs, poor relationship with the opposite sex, and do bad things that with done for them when they were children. (Buzzle. Internet resources.)

Exploitative child labor is a huge problem affecting the world today. Some people think it impossible to end exploitative child labor. There are possible solutions, though. One step towards eradicating child labor is creating international laws that countries can adopt in order to stop child labor. Governments can play a key role in eliminating child labor by passing laws that ban child labor under a certain age. But in some countries these laws aren’t enforced. So, government must work more to enforce these laws so that it can make a positive impact on decreasing child labor. Sometimes, child labor is caused because parents do not have steady jobs or enough income. Therefore, governments must support these poor countries in order to decrease the number of children working in streets. Children need to learn and write. Also, governments must make education free and compulsory up until the minimum legal age for employment. Hence, governments of all countries must take harsh measure against child trafficking. Replacing child worker by adult workers is a solution for child labor. (library.thinkquest.org/03oct/…/globalsolutions.htm)

Child labor is a complex problem that requires comprehensive, multifaceted solution. The most important solution is to give children their right to be educated, protected, and to ask actual child labor what they think the best solution would be, since it is they who would actually be affected. Child labor is a repulsive problem that must be faced to save the future of those children. (library.thinkquest.org/03oct/…/globalsolutions.htm)

References

1 2 3 Help Me. Internet resources. 23 January 2010.

“Child Labour”. OVC Support. Internet resources. 23 January 2010.

Buzzle. Internet resources. 23 January 2010.

< library.thinkquest.org/03oct/.../globalsolutions.htm>

< library.thinkquest.org/03oct/.../globalsolutions.htm>

7.1 Summarise the benefits of working in partnership with parents and others.

The importance of building relationships and making links with parents is crucial. The old fashion attitude towards parents by early year’s workers was definitely wrong i.e. ‘we know what is best for your child’. This was an unhelpful attitude and created an atmosphere where parents did not feel at ease. Talking to practitioners parents felt that their views were not important. Parents did not feel comfortable coming into early years setting (nursery, school) unless they had been invited or had an appointment to attend.

This approach and situation has nowadays generally changed and early year’s workers recognise that working with parents is very beneficial to children’s learning and development. As children come into settings with different experiences and many different needs, the main source of information about children is very often from their parents or main carers.

Parents should be treated as partners as they are the children’s first and most influential educators. Working together the long term benefits of a constructive partnership between parents and practitioners will have a positive impact on a child’s development and learning experiences. Parents may also feel more encouraged and supportive towards the school.

There are many ways in which children benefit when parents and practitioners work together:

Children will definitely settle more easily and feel more secure if they know that their parents and practitioners (childminder, nursery or school teacher) ‘get on’ really well.

Children will gain from having a similar routine or approach – for example, parents are able to tell practitioners what time a child normally needs a rest, eats or feels tired, dealing with difficult tantrums and what to expect, or the use of a EpiPen if a allergic reaction is trigged and any difficult toilet issues.

Practitioners and parents can work together to help a child who has a particular developmental need for example, a child with a language delay may need extra help in nursery or school with speech and some sign language enforcement i.e. Makaton which is a language program designed to help communication between individuals who cannot communicate efficiently by speaking or a child with poor pencil grip may learn the proper way of holding a pencil at school and will also help them at home when writing or drawing.

Parents/ main carers are usually the first to notice that something is bothering a child, they can pass their concerns to practitioners who can recognise and help to resolve. Small unsolved problems or situations may become big ones if not treated promptly.

Diabetes and insulin dependency is another very important area that needs to be discussed and completely covered so everyone’s aware of a child’s needs. Early year’s personnel should have an understanding of diabetes and must be trained in its management and in the treatment of diabetic emergencies.

There are many ways in which staff in settings can try to build up a good relationship between a child’s home and the setting:

In order to work effectively with parents most settings introduce an ‘open door policy’. The idea is to assure parents that they are able to talk to staff or teachers whenever they have any concerns.

This means that instead of having to make an appointment or waiting until for example parents evening, any particular concern or worry can be raised straight away. The open door policy builds trust as parents know they are always welcome to pop in and have an informal chat or view their children’s work whenever they wish. Children also benefit from this very casual approach as they can sense that parents and practitioners are work closely together.

Children can show their parents what they have been doing in their nursery or school. It is extremely important as children are excited to show off their work and achievements and they want their parents to be proud of them too.

Getting to know the parents is essential in early years setting. Workers need to be welcoming and understand the importance of parents so that avenues of communication are established. Once the relationship is build it is easier for both parents and practitioners to bring up concerns that may arise for example, child has been diagnosed as asthmatic and a pump needs to be used, parents have separated from their partner and the child is aware, a family pet has just died. These are very personal and sensitive issues so the relationship needs to be close and comfortable for both parties.

All the children are different and have different needs the same relates to parents. For example parents may be slightly anxious as they leave their children in school for the first time from parents who are experienced and comfortable with leaving their child. We have to remember that relating to parents well is just as much a skill as working with children. Some parents will be uncomfortable talking to members of staff while others will be friendly and feel relaxed. Early years workers will learn how to listen and talk to parents as their experience and confidence grows.

There may be times when parents will need to be contacted quickly for example, child is not feeling well, had an accident etc. Exchanging emergency information its extremely important. It is vital that early years workers have the correct and update information to hand i.e. emergency numbers and addresses are usually exchanged during the admission procedure.

We should encourage parental involvement as parents often have a lot to offer settings in terms of their knowledge, interests, experience, and in volunteering for activities. Working together can also help bring the community closer together; especially in areas where there are different cultural groupings.

Many setting find that parents who come to help are able to bring in many skills and different areas of expertise. Some parents offer to help permanently i.e. ‘reading mums’ in school one a week for an hour; others may help occasionally i.e. school production. Some parents find that working as helpers boost their confidence and give them the chance to meet other parents. We have to remember that nowadays for a parent to be able to work/help in a setting he/she needs to have a current CRB check by the police.

A good working partnership between parents and settings should mean that parents enjoy coming in while the setting appreciates their time and help and the children are able to benefit from having extra adult attention. We have to realise that being friendly with parents is not the same as being friends as this may cause unnecessary problems i.e. parents asking for confidential information, or asking to let unwell child to stay in setting. Professional boundaries must be maintained at all times to avoid misunderstandings.

It can be beneficial for early years setting to establish liaisons with other agencies. As a part of the process of helping children to settle in it can be helpful to exchange or gain information from other agencies for example, a previous nursery that the child has attended or from a childminder. Other professionals might be able to give us advice as how to meet that child’s needs or might suggest strategies they used which were helpful. They may have also some information or observations or even notes about a particular child, which will be appropriate for us to see and know. Whatever information we receive from agencies should be referenced with parental consent. (The only exception – case of suspected abuse).

Working with Healthcare professionals.

If a child has a disability or emotional issues it is likely they will meet with a variety of healthcare professionals, from Doctors, Physiotherapist, Social workers, Occupational therapist, Dieticians, Orthotics, Speech or language therapist.

Parents must inform and communicate to practitioners if their child is seeing a healthcare professional, as for everyone to better understand the child’s behaviour.

For example if a child is being treated for anxiety or depression and the school is unaware of their condition, the child might be looked upon as being shy or a bad mixer when asked to participate with others, wrong diagnosis can be more harmful as the child is being left out or ignored. These experiences can cause a lasting impression on a child’s life, as can a good experience with a caring early year’s worker or teacher. Working closely with parents, teachers and healthcare professionals can only improve a child’s overall achievement and wellbeing to optimise their development and growth.

The most important relationship you can develop will be with your general practitioner (GP). Doctor’s train for at least five years after medical school to become GPs and have an extensive knowledge base with regards to many health conditions .Getting your child used to seeing your GP from an early age will have major benefits as they grow older. Being in known surroundings and seeing a familiar face will help any anxiety they might have about visiting the doctor.

Your doctor can provide a wide range of services and give advice on health issues. GPs will also refer you to hospital for treatment or to other specialist healthcare professionals. The relationship with other healthcare professionals is equally important as we need to build trust and confidence with each one.

When dealing with patients, health professionals should be truthful and respect the privacy and dignity of any patient young or old. We have the right to information about the condition of our health and any diagnosis or illness. We also have a right to be involved in any decisions with regards to any treatment or care we may receive and warned about serious side effects. Our consent must be sought after and medical records should always remain confidential.

Physiotherapists

Physiotherapists are experts in the physical treatment and the improvement of certain conditions. Physiotherapists help to restore lost movement and function to someone affected by illness, injury or other disabilities.

Social workers

Social workers are professionally qualified health professionals who assess people’s needs for care or social services. They will support and find solution, to issues people find themselves in. They have good knowledge of the law, and the social welfare system.

Occupational therapists

Occupational therapists work with patients who have a physical disability, mental health issues, learning disability or medical conditions. Patients with difficulties doing everyday tasks, such as preparing a meal, going up stairs, taking a bath, or getting into bed.

Dieticians

Dieticians are health professionals who explain and treat diet, they assess and diagnose any nutritional problems a patient may have.

Prosthetist and orthotist

Prosthetist and orthotist provide care for anyone requiring an artificial limb, splints, braces or special footwear to assist in movement, they work with other healthcare professionals to provide treatment.

Speech and language therapist

The role of a speech and language therapist is in treating someone who has problems communicating with speech or language, by helping people of all ages, to communicate better.

A patient’s beliefs or views should be respected during their healthcare, and they should receive treatment regardless of their age, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or disability.

It is very important our healthcare professionals work as a team as they are from a variety of disciplines and have to work together to deliver a professional service for all patients. Good communication is essential for effective relationship development.

Source:

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

www.daycaretrust.org.uk

www.ofsted.gov.uk

www.alt.org.uk

www.hertschs.nhs.uk

www.nhscareers.nhs.uk

Television viewing is an unavoidable part of the current modern culture. Most people depend on their televisions for news, education, weather, culture and sports. Under parental supervision and limited viewing time, television can provide numerous benefits. If you want to discover the benefits of TV for children continue reading below.

Develops analytical skills

Through asking questions and determining what may happen in a certain program enables children to learn how to think, predict and solve problems. This also makes television viewing an active experience and enables them to develop analytical skills that will be of benefit for a long time to come. In addition, television time can be considered like a learningexperience where the children can discuss programs and compare shows or characters.

Positive influence

Kids are largely influenced by the people and things they watch on television, particularly other children. This can either have a positive or negative effect on them. Recently, children’s TV programs have started to promote some positive topics like environmental awareness and healthy living. As children see their beloved characters making good choices, they will also be influenced to perform similar actions.

LONDON – Television, when appropriately managed and supervised, can be a positive influence in a child’s life, and its impact is likely to be improved through the use of a digital TV recorder, according to a report by top psychologist Dr Tanya Byron

In the report, Children and Television today, commissioned by Freeview, the clinical psychologist applies the term “Viewtrition” to the support that should be available when it comes to managing kids’ TV experiences.

Despite the negativity often associated with children watching TV, eight out of 10 parents questioned believed it has a positive effect on their child’s development, including helping them to expand their imagination (63%) and broaden vocabulary (60%).

The research also shows that 50% of parents said having a digital TV recorder has revolutionised their child’s viewing in a positive way, and parents recognise that having one, makes it easier to control and plan what their child watches around busy family routines.

Byron said: “I, too, believe that television has a positive role to play in a child’s development, but it does need to be monitored and managed responsibly.

“Each parent knows their child best and the Freeview Viewtrition Guide is about giving parents information and advice that they can then adapt and use to help provide their children a balanced TV diet.”

Other key findings include 66% of parents identifying the positive effect TV is having on their child’s numeracy and musical skills.

The research includes surveys with 1,880 parents of children aged between two and 11, courtesy of Mumsnet.com.

Television does, in fact, have a positive influence on children, because it is quite educational.

There’s no denying that television has a potentially damaging influence on children in teenage and college years, if it leads to sedentary lifestyles. But, in early years, it can really help. Educational programming, like Sesame Street and related shows, can help teach kids letters, numbers and important concepts that will help them thrive and take care of themselves later in life. Also, much of children’s programming can help stimulate and develop their imaginations, leading them to lives of creativity.

I believe that television can have a positive influence on children, when the parents are involved.

There are several educational programs on television today, including Sesame Street and Super Why, that do teach children numbers, letters and other subjects. When a parent is able to sit with a child and use these shows as a teaching tool, then children can benefit positively from the use of television.

Positive Effects Of TV On Children

Preschoolers can learn the alphabets, colors and numbers from television.

Children can get information on wildlife and expand their knowledge with quiz contests and others games on TV.

With television, children can keep a track of the latest happenings and the current events.

Television comes across as an excellent form of entertainment for kids, in the form of cartoons and kids programs.

Learningopportunities

If there is a subject your kid enjoys, it is highly likely there is an entertaining and educating movie or TV show that explores that subject in depth. Actually, you may be amazed to find that most children love and watch educational TV programs aimed at grown-ups. For instance,nature and documentary shows are not only entertaining, but they are also very educational for children. Furthermore, through watching television shows, children can discover animals, things or places that they could not have seen otherwise.Nonetheless, children should not watch too much television, instead they should engage in active things such as sports and other hobbies. Excessive TV watching can cause weight problems like obesity and also affect the intellectual skills of children.

Educational and Informative – With cable channels such as Discover, National Geographic and the History Channels, watching TV can be as educational as going to school. Plus, how many times have you learned something while watching a regular TV series? If it weren’t for all the police and lawyer shows on TV, would anybody other than lawyers know what Miranda rights were?

Where kids are concerned, TV and movies get a bad rap, but with healthy viewing habitsand parental supervision, limited “screen time” can be a positive experience for children. Here some ways children can benefit from watching TV and movies:

TV can help kids learn about a variety of subjects.

If there’s a subject your child enjoys, more likely than not, there is a TV show, movie, or educational DVD that explores the subject in detail. You might be even be surprised to find out how many kids watch and love educational shows aimed at adults. Rachael Ray, for example has a huge following among kids and tweens, and herprimetime show often features kids in the kitchen.

Children’s shows, whether they bill themselves as “educational” or not, may offer opportunities to spark learning. For instance, was your child wowed by the Red Eyed Tree Frog on Go, Diego, Go!? Go online to look at pictures and read about the frog. In this way, kids are able to see how fun learning can be and establish a habit of finding out more when things interest them.

Documentary and nature shows are also entertaining and educational for kids. A great example: Meerkat Manor, on the Animal Planet, makes a soap opera out of meerkat life and has kids hooked on the drama.

Through media, kids can explore places, animals, or things that they couldn’t see otherwise.

Most kids are not able to visit the rain forest or see a giraffe in the wild, but many have seen these things on TV. Thankfully, educationally minded producers have given us many shows and movies that allow viewers to see amazing footage ofnature, animals, society, and other peoples. Kids and adults alike can learn from this type of media and gain a greater appreciation for our world and the animals and other people who inhabit it.

TV shows can inspire kids to try new activities and engage in “unplugged” learning.

When kids see their favorite characters engaged in fun learning games, they want to play too. Kids also like learning activities more if they involve beloved characters. Preschoolers’ shows are especially effective for generating ideas for learning activities and using characters to motivate kids.

If you have a child who loves Blue’s Clues, for example, you can create clues and a riddle for them to solve at home, or challenge your child to create the riddle and clues. Or, turn a regular activity into a challenge and encourage your child to solve it like the Super Sleuths do.

TV and movies can motivate kids to read books.

Of the new movies that are released each year, you can bet that several of them are based on books. Parents can challenge kids to read a book with the promise of going to the theater or renting the movie when they finish it. Or, kids may see a movie and like it so much that they decide to read the book. Discuss the differences between the book and the movie to help kids develop thinking skills.

Kids can build analytical skills by discussing media.

What do you think will happen next? Who did it? What will the result be? What could that character have done instead? Asking these types of questions as you co-viewwith your children will help them learn to think, problem solve, and predict, making TV viewing a more active experience. More important than just memorizing facts, developing thinking skills will benefit them for the rest of their lives.

Also, remember those compare/contrast tests in school? You can help prepare kids for this type of literary thinking by discussing programs with them. Compare and contrast characters or shows. Who is the main character? Describe the plot. What was the setting and main idea? What was the conflict and how was it resolved? Use TV time to help kids practice for all those essay tests, and they might find that talking about this stuff can be interesting and fun!

Parents can use TV to help kids learn the truth about advertising.

Advertising may be annoying, but it does present yet another opportunity to develop kids’ thinking skills. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, young children may not even know the difference between programs and commercials. They are just soaking it all in and applying it to their reality. As a parent, you can explain the purpose of advertising to your kids and alert them to any deceptive tactics. Allow them to analyze the methods used by advertisers to sell a product.

Good role models and examples on TV can positively influence kids.

Children are influenced by people they see on television, especially other kids. Obviously, this can have a negative result, but it can be positive too. Lately, kids’ TV shows have begun promoting some positive agendas such as healthy living andenvironmental awareness. As kids see their favorite characters making positive choices, they will be influenced in a good way. Parents can also point out positive traits that characters display and thereby spark valuable family discussions.

Daniel Anderson, a prominent researcher on the subject, sums up the situation with children and media perfectly stating, “I hope the broader impact of my research will increase awareness at many levels so that we can be cognizant of both the promise and the peril of what we are doing.” Media truly can have a positive effect on children, but it is up to the parents, caregivers and educators in their lives to ensure that kids’ viewing experiences are enriching and not damaging.

http://kidstvmovies.about.com/od/healthytvhabits/a/tvgoodforkids.htm

Every time you get off work and walk into that the community where your home is, you must overhear a lot of juicy news while you walk past those full-time housewives, sitting together and gossiping what happened recently in their neighbors’ home. It is true that the contents are mostly about the tough relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law. Even though you may not be interested about this, you cannot deny those things have happened to you, or, unfortunately, you are coping with it now. Well, to be honest, that is also the main reason why so many couples choose to live away from their parents-in-law. But, is that the right way to solve all the problems? And is that a good choice?

For me, actually, to solve all these complicated problems are just staying with parents after married. Living with parents can make the relationship more stable, benefit children’s education and slow down the process of aging of parents.

Firstly, living with parents leads to a happy marriage. I think it is not a solution but an excuse that living away from parents is for a harmony relationship with parents-in-law. Mostly, this kind of decision is made by young couples. There are some brides who insist on not living with her husband’s parents. They don’t want to change their own, as well as protecting their own living space from parents. Too many of them have already tired of the fierce competition from their career. All they want to do is just go back home to have a good rest instead of racking their brains to do something to please parents. Therefore getting away from parents-in-law can make it easier. That is what they say distance helps.

We can see so many words, such as “we”, “own”, “want”. They just turn out to be nothing but selfish. Is that so bad as the couples describe?Y

How can young people say that they are too tired to make effort to make an improvement? Family is the most important thing to everyone. People who care about us most are parents. Most of us can bear with the defects of others. However, when it comes to parents, they behave differently. It is like putting the cart before the horse.

It is said that the divorce rate in China has increased by almost 20% over past year, with 1.4m couples filing for separation during 2007 (see the news published on Friday, 25 January 2008). It is also said that since China’s one-child policy was established, in 1973. The number of people getting divorce has quadrupled. That policy has produced a generation of adults focused on their own needs and unable to sustain a relationship. To build a harmonious family relationship, living with parents-in-law can make sense, because the older generation can deal with problems much better. The new couples will learn from them, learn to compromise and cooperate to make a marriage work well. Obviously, the relationship will be more stable.

Secondly, it can benefit children’s education to live with parents. So busy the young couples are, it is almost impossible for them to set aside more time for their own children. As a result, these children are sent to their grandparents. However, grandparents always spoil children more than children’s parents do, which cause the children to be selfish and moody. Moreover, for the lack of time with parents, it can be even worse after children grow up. Parents will not be able to communicate with their children well when there has been a barrier between them. If children can live with both parents and grandparents, doting grandparents will have the awareness of being strict to children, and children will enjoy more time with their parents. Being around by eldership and their children, couples will think twice before doing anything, which, at the same time, avoids being unfaithful to their partner. Growing up in a family with such a harmonious atmosphere, these children will be more likely to get a happy marriage contributed by easygoing, optimistic, and responsible personalities.

The last but not least, living with parents can also slow down their aging process. The rapid decrease in the birth rate, combined with improving life expectancy, has led to an increasing proportion of elderly people and an increase in the ratio between elderly parents and adult children. In China, the percentage of the population over the age of 65 years was 5 percent in 1982 and now stands at 7.5percent but is expected to rise to more than 15 percent by 2025(The Effect of China’s One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years Therese Hesketh, Ph.D., Li Lu, M.D., and Zhu Wei Xing, M.P.H.). The mental health of senior is increasingly important. Company from families is the best doctor for them avoiding the feeling of loneliness. Living together can not only decrease the speed of being slow reaction but also let the young couples have a good knowledge of their parents’ condition. As a result, parents will gain a longer lifespan which is also a gift to couples. In return, taking good care of the old parents is a good example to their children. They will learn that from young couples on their own. Parents are always the best teacher to children.

Even so, many newly married wives still get along well with their parents-in-law. That is reasonable. They don’t have same living habit. Everyone in family will adjust themselves to the new situation. It must need time. Everybody knows that family is a cell of the whole society. We are obliged to make it work well. Marriage is not only about couples themselves. Trust me, rainbow comes after storm. A better understanding can be got after living with parents.

To sum up, it can only have good results by living with parents, for it can lead to a happy marriage, benefit children’s education and slow down the process of aging of parents.

Outline

I. Topic: Talking about whether the couples should live with their parents or parents-in-law after married.

II Thesis Statement: Living with parents can make the relationship more stable, benefit children’s education and slow down the process of aging of parents.

III Antithesis: It is better for them to live separated with their parents

1. Couples do not have their own living space.

2. They have to make efforts to please parents after get off work.

3. Get away from parents can avoid misunderstanding.

IV Reasons: 1. living with parents leads to a happy marriage.

i. Now young couples are more selfish than before so that they don’t know how to get along well with each other

ii.The divorce rate are increasing rapidly because of the one-child policy.

2. it can benefit children’s education to live with parents.

i. The young couples sent children to parents. The old always spoil their grandchildren.

ii.Children can have more time with parents if family members live together.

iii.Growing in a happy family, children will be more positive and responsible than others.

3. living with parents can also slow down their aging process.

i. Living with children and grandchildren can make them feel they are younger.

ii.Children can know the condition of old parents very well.

iii.It is a good way to teach children how to be good children.

Strategies: Use Tactful, Courteous Language; Point Out Common Ground; Acknowledge Differing Viewpoints.

Introduction:

For me, actually, to solve all these complicated problems are just staying with parents after married. Living with parents can make the relationship more stable, benefit children’s education and slow down the process of aging of parents.

Conclusion:

To sum up, it can only have good results by living with parents, for it can lead to a happy marriage, benefit children’s education and slow down the process of aging of parents

Body:

Firstly, living with parents leads to a happy marriage. I think it is not a solution but an excuse that living away from parents is for a harmony relationship with parents-in-law. Mostly, this kind of decision is made by young couples. There are some brides who insist on not living with her husband’s parents. They don’t want to change their own, as well as protecting their own living space from parents. Too many of them have already tired of the fierce competition from their career. All they want to do is just go back home to have a good rest instead of racking their brains to do something to please parents. Therefore getting away from parents-in-law can make it easier. That is what they say distance helps.

We can see so many words, such as “we”, “own”, “want”. They just turn out to be nothing but selfish. Is that so bad as the couples describe?Y

How can young people say that they are too tired to make effort to make an improvement? Family is the most important thing to everyone. People who care about us most are parents. Most of us can bear with the defects of others. However, when it comes to parents, they behave differently. It is like putting the cart before the horse.

It is said that the divorce rate in China has increased by almost 20% over past year, with 1.4m couples filing for separation during 2007 (see the news published on Friday, 25 January 2008). It is also said that since China’s one-child policy was established, in 1973. The number of people getting divorce has quadrupled. That policy has produced a generation of adults focused on their own needs and unable to sustain a relationship. To build a harmonious family relationship, living with parents-in-law can make sense, because the older generation can deal with problems much better. The new couples will learn from them, learn to compromise and cooperate to make a marriage work well. Obviously, the relationship will be more stable.

Secondly, it can benefit children’s education to live with parents. So busy the young couples are, it is almost impossible for them to set aside more time for their own children. As a result, these children are sent to their grandparents. However, grandparents always spoil children more than children’s parents do, which cause the children to be selfish and moody. Moreover, for the lack of time with parents, it can be even worse after children grow up. Parents will not be able to communicate with their children well when there has been a barrier between them. If children can live with both parents and grandparents, doting grandparents will have the awareness of being strict to children, and children will enjoy more time with their parents. Being around by eldership and their children, couples will think twice before doing anything, which, at the same time, avoids being unfaithful to their partner. Growing up in a family with such a harmonious atmosphere, these children will be more likely to get a happy marriage contributed by easygoing, optimistic, and responsible personalities.

The last but not least, living with parents can also slow down their aging process. The rapid decrease in the birth rate, combined with improving life expectancy, has led to an increasing proportion of elderly people and an increase in the ratio between elderly parents and adult children. In China, the percentage of the population over the age of 65 years was 5 percent in 1982 and now stands at 7.5percent but is expected to rise to more than 15 percent by 2025(The Effect of China’s One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years Therese Hesketh, Ph.D., Li Lu, M.D., and Zhu Wei Xing, M.P.H.). The mental health of senior is increasingly important. Company from families is the best doctor for them avoiding the feeling of loneliness. Living together can not only decrease the speed of being slow reaction but also let the young couples have a good knowledge of their parents’ condition. As a result, parents will gain a longer lifespan which is also a gift to couples. In return, taking good care of the old parents is a good example to their children. They will learn that from young couples on their own. Parents are always the best teacher to children.

Even so, many newly married wives still get along well with their parents-in-law. That is reasonable. They don’t have same living habit. Everyone in family will adjust themselves to the new situation. It must need time. Family is a cell of the whole society. We are obliged to make it work well. Marriage is not only about couples themselves. Trust me, rainbow comes after storm. A better understanding can be got after living with parents.

Prewriting

Every time people get off work and walk into that residence community, we must overhear much juicy news when you pass by those full-time housewife sitting together talking about the things happened recently in their families. It seems that they know everything there. However, most of them are the tough relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law. Even you may not be interested in that, but you can not deny those things have happened to you, or, unfortunately, you are in that now. Well, to be honest, that is also the reason why so many couples choose to live separated with their parents-in-law. I always think that is not a solution but an excuse to live alone for a good relationship with parents-in-law. Living separated with parents-in-law is a choice made by young couples. There are some new wives who insist not live with her husband parents. They don’t want to make a change to their own, as well as protecting their own living space from parents. To many of them, they are tired of the fierce competition of their career. All they want to do is just go back home to have a good rest. They don’t want to rack their brains to do something to please parents. So getting away from parents-in-law can make it easier. Distance helps.

We can see so many words, such as we, own, want aˆ¦They just turn out to be nothing but selfish. Is that so bad as the couples describe? How can young people say that thing they are too tired to make effort to make a improvement? Family is the most important thing to everyoneaˆ¦The people who care us most are families. Most of us can bear with defects of others, but when it comes to parents, it is another thing. It is putting the cart before the horse. Divorce rate in China has increased much. The number of people getting a divorce has quadrupled. That policy has produced a generation of adults focused on their own needs and unable to sustain a relationship. To build a harmonious family relationship, living with parents-in-law can make sense, because the preceding generation can deal with problems much better than them. The new couples will learn from that, even do as their parents do. Obviously, the relationship will be more stable. It is difficult for them to set aside more time for their children. As a result, these children are sent to their grandparents. However, grandparents always spoil children more than children’s parents do. And the lack of time with parents will make problems after they grow up. If children can live with both parents and grandparents, the parents can reduce that spoiling, and children will get more happiness with their parents. Growing up in a family with such a harmonious atmosphere, children will have a great advantage to have a happy marriage depending on their optimistic and responsible personality.

Marriage does not only involve two people. It influences almost everything. Living with parents after married can be a good solution to many problems we face today.

There are different parenting styles, which include: permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles. Authoritative is seen as the best parenting style since the parents who use this parenting style set guidelines and rules which their children, are expected to follow. On the other hand, it uses a democratic technique where the parents listen and are responsive to their children. The authoritative parents are assertive and not restrictive or intrusive on their children and their disciplinary techniques are not punitive but rather supportive. There are two theories that explain the children’s behavior and they include; Albert Banduras social learning theory, which states that the child learns its behavior by observing other people and this theory, is applicable to both maladaptive and adaptive behaviors. The second theory is the Scotts critical period theory, which implies that the child’s behavior is molded during the ages between 0-6 years, which are the critical years in a child’s growth cycle. The use of set rules and procedures are also highly effective in molding the child’s behavior even though they vary from one person to another. This paper is going to attempt to explain the roles of these highlighted areas in Child growth and behavior management.

Key words: Learning, Behaviors and Learning theories.

As a childcare provider for many years, I have witnessed all three styles of parenting: Permissive, Authoritative, and Authoritarian. I have also noticed the effect it has on each child’s confidence, personality, and decision-making. In my opinion, being Authoritative is the best style of parenting. This encompasses being assertive, caring and well balanced (Baumrind, 2005).Children who come from authoritative parents usually develop a sense of self-control, confidence in themselves and an understanding of right and wrong. An authoritative adult recognizes the different stages of childhood development, teaches a child according to their level of understanding, has realistic expectations, sets fair rules and consequence, and gives a child room to grow and learn (Maccoby& Martin, 1983). The parents who use this parenting style set guidelines and rules that their children are expected to follow. It is on the other hand a democratic technique since the parents listen and are responsive to their children. The authoritative parents are assertive and not restrictive or intrusive on their children and their disciplinary techniques are not punitive but rather supportive.

Based on experience, authoritarian is the worst form of parenting because it is the most emotionally and psychologically damaging. Children who have parents that are “authoritarians” usually spend their childhood and adolescence years fearful of their authoritarian parent, have limited confidence in themselves and are often degraded or put down. Most parents that only look at structure and discipline, who classify themselves as “authoritarians” are in my opinion selfish.

Regarding permissive, it is the most irresponsible style of parenting. A parent who is permissive will have children who misbehave and act out because they are not disciplined and taught manners. These children will have temper tantrums and will be unhappy every time they do not get their way. Permissive parents do not recognize the importance of following through the behavior of their children with consequences to teach a lesson. Often, children from permissive families are not guided enough and will have to find out the hard way. In a general way we can say that most of the times, the adults try to control their children’s behavior.

During the 17th century, children were perceived to have a blank slate, it was the duty of the guardians, and the parents/adults to mould them so that they could behave well thus meeting their adults need. On the contrary, presently the new philosophies dictate that the children should be given their freedom to grow as they interact with the environment around them. Religion has played a key role in accomplishing this, stipulating the role played by the guardians and the children on their expected behavior. A child’s behavior could be positive, acceptable, or adaptive in relation to the existing situation whereas others are thought to be maladaptive, negative, and unsuitable. Most of this maladaptive behavior provides a great challenge on the adults within the society (Baumrind, 1991).

Different families have set rules and standards on their expectations for their children’s behavior. According to Albert Banduras social learning theory, the child learns its behavior by observing other people and this theory is applicable to both maladaptive and adaptive behaviors. On the other hand, the Scotts critical period theory implies that the child’s behavior is molded during the ages between 0-6 years, which are the critical years in a child’s growth cycle. It is important for the teachers and the guardians to note that they play a very significant role in molding a child’s behavior in ways that are appropriate.

With the use of the following key areas, training a child to acquire positive behavior becomes very successful. They include preventing the occurrence of an inappropriate behavior in a child: maintain a child’s appropriate behavior, stopping any unwanted behavior in a child, and teaching the child appropriate new behavior. In the prevention stage ,the environment plays a key role in a child’s behavior therefore, the adults should plan their environment very well as well as assume a pro-active role by planning ahead before trouble arises i.e. creating enough space for the child which enables the children to be self reliant (Baumrind, 1967).

Similarly, the use of set rules and procedures are highly effective in molding the child’s behavior even though they vary from one person to another. On the other hand, in the prevention of a child’s disruptive behavior, the adult should build up structures, which set the acceptable expected behavior. The child needs to be taken through the desired procedures by the adult, while the stated rules appropriate, air with consequences thereof in relation to the child’s behavior (Maccoby& Martin, 1983).The adult should build a good relationship with the child with the existence of mutual respect between them.

The adults need to thank the children so as to maintain their appropriate behavior as well as commend them when they behave as expected. Appreciating the child prompts them to keep behaving in the right way, so that they can be always appreciated. The use of reinforcement also plays a major role in the molding of a child’s behavior and the reinforcement should be specific, vary, and needed.

Brompton Bicycle is a uk manufacturer bicycle based in Brentford, London by Andrew Ritchie in 1976. Models are named using a code to describe the handle bar type, number of gears and factory attached fixtures. An optional suffix is appended to show the inclusion of titanium upgrades. In Britain the club’s membership is changing, now 35-40% customers of Brompton are women. The average rider’s age has also dropped below 40. It’s getting profit in uk .

Brompton Bicycle is a British company that specialises in folding bicycles, commonly known as Brompton which is popular among bicycle commuters, especially in the UK, the Netherlands, and Japan. The Brompton design has remained fundamentally unchanged over three decades, although it has been steadily refined. The Brompton increases people’s independence and freedom so people can use this cycle wherever they can use. Approximately 22,000 bicycles are produced by the company each year and 70 percent are exported to asia and Europe. The compact dimensions of most folding bikes allow easy transport in public transport where travelling with a normal bike can be difficult or forbidden. We can this cycle in different style handlebar like c type handlebar, m type handlebar, s type handlebar and p type handlebar.

-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompton_Bicycle

PEST ANALYSIS OF BROMPTON BICYCLE:
Political factor:

Many people are cycling on London major roads and it has nearly doubled since 2000 and TfL is targeting a 5% mode share for cycling by 2025. South West Trains is a part of Stagecoach Group, has joined forces with Brompton Bicycle to encourage passengers for cycle as part of a fully integrated low carbon journey combining bike and train. Every one like this bikes because it is efficient to ride but can be quickly folded into a package smaller than an average suitcase, so people can take wherever they like.

Economic factor:

Though exports account for around 75 per cent of its output, it continues to manufacture all of its bikes in the UK. It’s getting profit here.

Social factor:

Brompton bike got a award, Mr Ritchie, who was awarded the prize that recognizes a lifetime contribution to design, he has spent 21 years perfecting to the Brompton, which is manufactured in Britain and sells around the world. At a reception in Buckingham Palace 50 years of British design genius was celebrating.

Technological factor:

When transporting a Brompton Bicycle by Train, Car plane or boat it would be beneficial to have a protective case. There is a need for such a protective case to also double as a fully functional bike trailer so it will attach to the rear of the bike and be used to transport light to moderate loads.

-http://www.stagecoachgroup.com

SWOT ANALYSIS OF BROMPTON BICYCLE:
strength:

Brompton bicycle is travel free and without booking restrictions we can use on rail, bus, underground, ferry or air services. It’s that freedom to travel anywhere that gives folding bikes a magic quality. A folding bike can be new ways of travelling. It’s have many colour with extra tall frame to fit tall riders.

From 1976, Brompton was in business, but growth was infuriatingly slow. Today, Brompton Bicycle Ltd turns out 100 precision-crafted bikes a day from its cosy in Kew.

Brompton bicycle sold in 27 international markets and servicing needs of the 200,000 Brompton users who are already on the road. They make something fashionable. People like the Brompton because it’s fun and it fits into their lives. In London, the bike is moving from being an issue of personal choice. On the corporate side, Brompton already leases a fleet of bikes to South West Trains at Waterloo. Mr Butler-Adams planned to provide package deals including bikes, training, storage and insurance to other companies.Brompton Bicycle is going to produce 25,000 bikes this year, achieving sales of ?7m- ?8m. Ritchie expects it to grow 25% a year under the leadership of managing director Butler-Adams. Brompton bicycle exports to markets to Netherlands, America, Germany, Japan and Scandinavia account for about 60% of its sales.

weakness :

Brompton bicycle’s seat pillars in both steel and aluminium versions. standard seat pillar, the Brompton and Brooks saddles can be up to 995mm from the ground. If customer’s inside leg is more than 33?/84cm,he will almost need either of the longer seat pillars. So for the shorter people it can be difficult for ride. It’s not adjustable as other bigger cycle. The merits and drawbacks of small and large wheels alike can be argued into the late hours.

Opportunities:

The Brompton is the only bike in the world to combine such ready portability with a first-class ride, and it creates countless new opportunities for using a bicycle. Malcolm Shepherd, Chief Executive of Sustrans said: “Cycling England has been a crucial conduit for funding which has touched the lives of millions of people by making it possible for people to cycle for everyday journeys. And Brompton bikes are suitable for the every journey.

Here are so many bike company competitor for the Brompton bikes. Alldays & Onions, Bickerton- folding bikes. Boardman bikes, british eagle, claud bulter, dawes, etc.. bicycles are here. Like Brompton bickerton is also a folding cycle. It can be a main competitor. The Bickerton was a portable, aluminium folding bicycle designed by Harry Bickerton it had manufactured in the UK between 1971 and 1991. The bicycle was made of aluminium profiles and riding properties were poor, aluminium parts could never be properly locked in place. its weight and folded package size broke and it is cited by Andrew Ritchie as one of his inspirations in creating the highly successful Brompton bicycle. So the Brompton is better than any cycle thats why70% Brompton bike are exporting to asia and Europe.

Threats:

The UK folding bike Brompton is a curious company. Brompton bicycle exports for around 75 per cent of its output, it continues to manufacture all of its bikes in the UK.

Brompton bicycle’s many parts are custom made so it may bring delays and extra costs for repairing than authorized dealers. The bike is less suited to long rides as most models have restricted gears. Riders requiring a bottom bracket to saddle top height of more than 715mm/28? can select an extended seat post to give a maximum saddle height of 775mm/30.5?

-http://www.bikesandtrailers.com/folding-bikes/brompton.html

Before doing any business first we have to do pest analysis in that country which is following:

PEST ANALYSIS OF BANGLADESH:
Political environment

Bangladesh is a poor nation in South Asia its gained independence in 1971 against West Pakistan .After independence, Bangladesh has established a largely moderate and democratic majority as a Muslim country. The Bangladesh National Party and the Awami League traditionally have dominated Bangladeshi politics, with the AL in government since January 2009. Bangladesh was ruled by a military-backed caretaker government led by Fakhruddin Ahmed for two years prior to the return to democracy that was ushered in by the December 2008 election. The current Hasina government came to power in free and fair elections with an overwhelming majority in parliament.

Economic environment

The economy of Bangladesh is a developing country its per capita income in 2008 was est. US$1,500. According to the International Monetary Fund, Bangladesh’s rank w3as the 48th largest economy in the world in 2009. The economy has grown at the rate of 6-7% p.a. over the past few years. Most Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture. Although rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are assuming greater importance

Social environment

Bangladeshi population is largely Muslim. There are many dialects of Bengali spoken throughout the region. The dialect spoken by those in Chittagong and Sylhet are particularly distinctive. In 2009 the population was estimated at 156 million. Religiously, about 90% Bengali people are Muslims and the remainder are mostly Hindus.

Technological environment

The Bangladesh have Space Research and Remote Sensing Organisation which operates remote sensing facilities in both French and American satellites, and it is applying meteorological and geographic data to such basic problems as soil fertility, water management, forecasting, and agricultural census work. In 1986 it became the first non-American organization and it got a award by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. They provided training for Bangladeshi scientists and grants of equipment and technical assistance. Bangladeshi Atomic Energy Commission operates an experimental nuclear reactor and conducts as well important agricultural research on seeds, parasites, storage of harvested crops, and irradiation.

– http://www.traderscity.com/board/countrytargetedleads/Bangladesh.html

PEST ANALYSIS OF INDIA:
Political environment

After India’s independence on August 15, 1947, India received most of the subcontinent’s 562 widely scattered polities, or princely states, as well as the majority of the British provinces, and parts of three of the remaining provinces. Muslim Pakistan received the remainder. Pakistan consisted of a western wing, with the approximate boundaries of modern Pakistan, and an eastern wing, with the boundaries of present-day Bangladesh. India is a Sovereign, Secular, Democratic country with a Parliamentary form of Government. The Constitution was adopted by the Assembly on 26th November 1949 and it came into force on 26th November 1950.

Economic environment

India is eleventh largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity. The country began to develop a fast-paced economic growth and free market principles were initiated in 1990 for international competition and foreign investment. Per capita income in india is $1,030, ranked 139th in the world, while its per capita (PPP) of US$2,940 is ranked 128th. India’s large service industry accounts for 55% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) while the industrial and agricultural sector contribute 28% and 17% respectively. In 2006 India exported US$21.8 billion worth of merchandise to the United States and Indian imports from the U.S. rose 26.3% to $10.1 billion in 2006, up 146% since 2002.

Social environment

Current Population of India is around 1,150,000,000 (1.15 billion) people in 2010, of which Hinduism accounted for 80.5%, Islam is (13.5%), Christianity is (3.0%) and Sikhism (2.3%). these are the major religions followed by the people of India. There are 29 language in india.

Technological environment

The Indian software industry was grown from a mere US $ 150 million in 1991-92 to a staggering US $ 5.7 billion in 1999-2000.The annual growth rate of India’s software exported consistently over 50 percent since 1991. India’s software exports would be around $ 6.3 billion, in addition to $ 2.5 billion in domestic sale.

-http://www.stylusinc.com/business/india/encyclopedia.htm

-http://www.locatehotelroom.com/India/encyclopedia.htm

PEST ANALYSIS OF NEPAL
political environment

An isolated, agrarian society until the mid-20th century, Nepal entered the modern era in 1951 without schools, hospitals, roads, telecommunications, electric power, industry, or civil service. The government encouraged import and export to promote good business and encourage growth which will hopefully result in a higher employment rate, higher salaries and a better standard of living for all in time.

Economic environment

Agriculture is Nepal’s principal economic activity which employing 80% of the population and providing 37% of GDP. Only about 20% of the total area is cultivable; another 33% is forested; most of the rest is mountainous. The main food crops are rice and wheat. The lowland Terai region produces an agricultural surplus is a part of which supplies the food-deficient hill areas. Export in recent years is approximately 70% of merchandise. Nepal’s merchandise trade balance has improved somewhat since 2000 with the growth of the carpet and garment industries.

Social environment

Nepal’s current population is 28,563,377 of which 80.6 percent are Hindu, 10.7 percent are Buddhist, 4.4% are Muslim, 3.6 percent are Kirat ,0.5 percent are Christian, and 0.4 percent are classified other groups such as Bon religion.

Technological environment

Nepal is a late starter in modem science and technology. it developed technological capabilities in some specific areas they are civil engineering, architecture, agriculture, metallurgy, water management, textile and paper manufacture, medicine, dyeing and food technology.

– http://www.visitnepal.com/business

PESTEL ANALYSIS IN SRI LANKA
POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT

Socialistic predilection in Sri Lanka was unswerving, but as time passed by it gave room for investment overseas in 1978. Board of Investment operates as a sovereign legal bureau with investment in foreign countries as a focus. BOI is authorized to yield grants to organizations that meet the basic eligibility standards on minimal investment, employment and exports. When the organization fails to meet the standards then its projects have to be sanctioned by the respective departments of the government. BOI also deals with the 10 zones of free trade, which is known as the export-processing zones. BOI possess the authorization to relieve any confinements on the FDI Eleven huge privatizations were accounted for 34% of the FDI. Nevertheless due to the instable political conditions and conflicting ethnicity the advancement on this issue is been decelerate for years. The president sketched out regarding anti-privatization economical scheme in his electoral pronunciamento known as aˆzMahinda ChintanaaˆY. Various enterprises of the state which designing itself to be privatized were not approved, this includes the airports and banks. Privatize. Organization was planned to be regulated by the government which will turn the loss into a profit-making organization.

ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Sound rates of growth has been steady in Sri Lanka despite if its intense violence on ethnicity. Rich private demand of requirements, core industrialization, primarily the intensive labour textile industry and the advancement of domestic tea manufacturing hiked the growth rate of the economy. The well-disposed FDI policy of the government ensued the zooming inflows of capital. The deceleration in the global issues activated an acute condensation in the activities of the economy in the year 2001. Subsequently there was a recuperation in the sectors of the industries that is impelled by a firm external demand and an increased growth rates in the sectors relating to service resulted in a sizeable enlargement of economical activities though the tsunami that hit the sectors of agriculture was critically damaged. Deficits in the fiscal aspects are an important issue to the government, which has been diminishing in the years past. The current fiscal obligates to cut back deficits. There are many industries that imparts in great value to the GDP that engages greater population of the manpower, this comprises of the industry in tourism, and the service industries. When taking industries into consideration, it is the textile industry that yields greater sum of revenues in export.

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

Sri Lanka holds a populace of 20,238,000, of which Sinhalese constitutes about 74%, Sri Lankan Moors constitutes about 7.2%, Sri Lankan Tamils constitutes about 3.9% and the Indian Tamils constitutes about 4.6%. When religions are taken into consideration the Buddhists comprise a major share of 69.1%. Sri Lanka is prominently a rustic area that holds 79% of the population. The populace medial age is 30 and 7.8% constitute for an age group of 65 and over. The health index of Sri Lanka is fairly good when compared to other countries in Asia. The government has an expenditure of 46.3% from the 4% of the aggregate GDP for medical expenses of the country. The expected life span is 73.4yrs of the aggregate populace.

TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

The telecom sphere was improved to an incredible extent in terms of liberalizing right in the

90aˆYs. Act of Sri Lankan Telecommunication of 1991 founded the Sri Lanka telecom also known as the SLT, it awarded the permit to function in the global system.

-http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/srilanka.html

After analyzing the market we have found out that there is huge market opportunity in Sri Lanka to sell folding bikes. Due to low price there are more chances that Brompton folding bikes can become the market leader successfully after some time because of many reasons such as low cost, already operation exist in Sri Lanka and due to climate condition. If we talk about local competition, it is very less. The local players get the help by the government also where the government has distributed a project to provide good cycle facility supply to those households.

I’m a manager of this product and i want to make profit that’s why I’m going to launch this product in south asia. I will launch this product in sri lanka and will export in 3 other countries, they are Bangladesh, india and Nepal. It will be better to launch this product in south asia because there labour cost will be low and we can sell this cycles in low cost. Brompton bicycle’s cost in uk is ?600 and over. Here, labour cost is expensive than south asia so we can’t export from here. In south asia there is a scope for this product. There is a great number of people who are using bicycle but they aren’t like Brompton they can’t fold, they are difficult for their journey. so it will be a new kind of cycle in south asia. I can make a profit. It will be cheaper so most of the people will buy it. I can make a market over there.

Here are different types to entering new market they are:

Export

Joint venture

FDI

Strategic alliances

Among these methods i’m going to use joint venture method because it will be better for my profit if i will export from here it will cost expensive. First i will go sri lanka and will talk in srilankan embassy, i will choose one cycle company as my partner over there and i will do good business over there and will make profit.

4PS ABOUT THE PRODUCT:

Product: my product is folding bicycle.

Price: labour cost will be low so per cycle it will cost ?90.

Place: i will open my company in Colombo kingdom of sri lanka because there i can gget more facility than other place.

Promotion: The literacy rate is 92% in Sri Lanka which is considered as a good rate. To sell the Brompton folding bikes every company more emphasizes on direct marketing such as event or trade show and personal selling. We will give this news first all over in sri lanka later 3 other countries by tv news and international news paper.

MARKETING PLAN:

Our product have made plan for Brompton folding bicycle for next five yrs. To increase our sale and profit we will spend half of our advertisement budget on personal selling because by this only we can aware consumers about our products and persuade consumers to buy the products.

PRODUCTION CAPACITY:

During the first year, product will be imported to Sri Lanka And later the demand of the product goes 3 other countries to have a manufacturing Unit can also be considered. This will result in better pricing of the product will result in more sales and Profits.

BUDGET:
Selling expenses:

Staff salaries, Sales support and distribution staff expenses are included. The total expenditure is

? 1210000.00

Sales and advertisement:

For radio advertisement =?5000

Newspaper/magazine =?6000

Tv ad =?25000

Sales promotion =?250000 including customer awareness program

Customer oriented =?200000

Trade oriented =?750000

Support line =?600000

This essay is deal with Bandura’s social cognitive theory which shows to people that children or even adults learn behaviors and manners from observation and modeling. The first section of this essay will introduce readers on what is child development? Explanations on stages of child development are included. Next, the details on basic concepts of Bandura’s theory and factors affect modeling learning. In third and forth section, readers will encounter with the application of social cognitive theory on child development and children of preschool and early primary schools. This essay is concluded with summary of Bandura’s social cognitive theory.

1. Introduction

Child development refers to improvement of biological, psychological and emotional that occurs in human between births to puberty. Development and growth are two different aspects. Development shows qualitative traits of child such as intellectual, spiritual, emotional and social interaction however growth display quantitative features like physical changes. Growth is the largest changes occur in human. From have to sleep almost 16 to 17 hours a day until they can dresses themselves is the growth of children. This changes are differing from each stage; newborn, infants, toddler, preschooler, school-aged child and adolescent.

Newborn are babies up to 28 days. At this stage, they only develop basic senses such as sight, hearing, smelling, touching, tasting and pain. Then, they become infants; 1 month till 12 month old. Some said it is ‘doing’ stage because infants’ sensory and motor abilities start to improve. They start to cry, coo and mumble most of vowels and some baby words that we can’t understand but they can grasping and recognize their mothers’ odor. When infants slowly learn to walk, they are call as toddlers.

From age 1 until 3, toddlers’ motor, cognitive and language abilities start to strengthening. They can walk with support, and then they can walk alone about 10 to 20 minutes until they can ride tricycle. It is ‘thinking’ stage since they will obey to simple command but at the same time they think for themselves much. In preschool stage; self awareness and imagination stage, children can jump up and down and they already begin to use adult-like words since their cognitive system can store over 2,000 words. They also able to cooperate on playing with other children and practice more social skills in their daily play activities.

When they move to school-aged and adolescent; 7 to 19 years old, they create more worries as they having conflict with parents and they fare more affected by peers. At this stage, most girls and boys start to reach puberty thus they having problems with emotional stability, seeking for new identity and start growing in sexual interest. All this stages involve in psychology and cognitive development as these changes will affect other area of human body systems.

Psychology growth is connected to development of social contact. This improvement is not innate because Bandura and Skinner were two psychologists that claimed, behavior is learned. Nevertheless, Skinner’s behavior learning process was through the causes and the effects of an action but Bandura emphasis on interaction of human with one another to learn a behavior.

Throughout this essay, I will explain more on Bandura’s social cognitive theory and how it affects in child development. The reasons I choose Bandura’s theory is because I agreed that human learn behaviors by imitate others. For instance, my mother always advice my siblings to use polite words because our two years old niece will try to imitate us some time later. Bandura’s theory was focused mainly on behavior modeling process since according to Bandura, children learn from imitate others’ behaviors which involve manners, actions, values and customs.

2. Basic Concept of Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Social cognitive theory is about the process of learning behaviors through observation, modeling and repetition for positive and negative reinforcement. Bandura believed that human shaped and improved their behavior by involved in social context. To strengthen this claim, Bandura came up with two methodologies; observational learning and vicarious reinforcement. Human especially children learn new behavior by modeling others’ behaviors through observational learning processes whereas children learn new behaviors and strengthen their behavior by observing the effect of others’ behaviors and copy it through vicarious reinforcement processes.

In observational learning processes, children require model such as parents, siblings, teachers and peers but not reinforcement. Models are important because it allows children to cognitively process, encode and store displayed behaviors. Models might purposely or not purposely show certain behaviors to children and children probably go through modeling processes from various models. Apart from that, vicarious reinforcement processes need both models and reinforcement and it is often used to remind or inform others the advantages or disadvantages of doing something. Tradition of using famous celebrities in promoting products is based on the idea of vicarious reinforcement. When Aishwarya Rai said she uses L’oreal Paris Total Repair 5 shampoo to get ravishing and healthy hair, it reinforces others to model her by buying and using L’oreal Paris shampoo too.

There are three factors which stimulate modeling behavior which go through observation learning processes. First is Models’ Characteristics which included live model, verbal instruction and media. Models’ traits influence our probability to imitate them. We tend to copy someone who is similar in age and sex group, in high status and prestige; parents, older siblings and teachers and models show simple behaviors. A child will imitate his or her peers’ actions who are already know how to use bubble maker rather than asking their own parents. It is because they find it more comfortable to communicate with same age friends. In modeling learning, children have high tendency to copy simple adults’ behavior such as waving, shaking hands and nodding head rather than complex action.

Next aspect is Observers’ Characteristics. Modeling learning is effective when someone is in low self-confidence and self-esteem and when someone is reinforcing to copy the modeled behaviors. Children especially newborns, infants and toddlers are more probability to imitate other as there are still in ‘doing’ and ‘thinking’ stage. They learn by observe and imitate others. The third factor is Consequences of the Behaviors. Rewarding and punishment give impact on observers’ imitation. When someone is rewarding for imitate modeled behaviors, its reinforce them to continue the behavior. If someone get not meaningful rewards for imitate modeled behaviors, its reinforce them to discontinue the behavior. In preschool stage, children already face with limitation from parents especially involving home rules and norms. At this stage, children love to play outdoors and be friends with others; as they imitate their parents’ social skills. This worries the parents as the children might become too friendly with strangers or even with kidnappers. Thus, parents will stop them from playing outside of the house for a certain time. This limitation depressed the children and affects their development.

3. How social cognitive theory apply on child development?

In behavior development, children will observe and imitate their models around them. Children are leaning from observation as early as they born. For example, according to Harris and Liebert (1992), a six days old baby girl stick out her tongue after her mother showed the action repeatedly in front of her. Based on theory of modeling, newborns are having problems to immediately imitate their models’ behavior. It is because newborns’ brain equipped with 100 billion brain cells or neurons. Only few of them are connected through connection or synapses. The more the babies interrelate with environment, the more the process of synapses occur which can increases the growth of intelligence of children. Due to this phenomenon, there are two basic ideologies children’ models especially parents need to know.

First, parents need to repeat their action several times. The reason is infants’ cognitive capacities such as memories and imagination are not fully developed yet. Secondly, action of parents that they wish the infants to imitate need to done within the development of sensorimotor of the infants; about 2 years old. Before age two, children begin to imitate their models’ action some time later. It is due to the growth of their sensorimotor and cognitive system. After age two, children can imitate their models’ action immediately in form of verbally response or repetition actions.

Young children imitate their models’ behavior due to reinforcement. Earlier in this essay already introduce to reinforcement but what is exactly reinforcement means? Reinforcement is process of giving rewards or punishment to someone for successfully or fails to fulfill someone’s expectation. For instance, mothers always teach their newborns to call them “mom” and they will give kisses to the babies if they can utter it in their own language. It acts as a reward to the infants. Frequently children are reinforced by food, affection and punishment in modeling process. The question is how this reinforcement methodology by Bandura affects child development?

The parents and caretakers are the one who set some standards of the young children performance in reinforcement process. As the process of reinforcement continues, the children will normalize with many behaviors. Models will show some behavior like pronouncing words, showing face expression, holding things and more so that young children can imitate it. If they can imitate it, models will reward them. For example, a mother tries to teach her little son to hold his toy. She holds it first in front of the son hence the son can imitate it. She repeatedly demonstrates the steps and when she gives the toy to her son, he successfully holds it. She will hugs and kisses him as a reward for his effort. This will motivate her son to try hold the toy again. Eventually, these rewards strengthen the children’ self efficacy; feeling of ability to survive in life.

Self efficacy or self effectiveness will slowly develop in infancy stage as they start to involve in physical and social environments. They begin to learn about the effects of their own action which they imitated from models and these effects give them strength or weaken their development. The little boy might think that the more he tries to hold his toy, the more kisses he can get from his mother. Same goes as aggressive behavior shown by children because of their family environment; violent fathers, short-tempered siblings or even being ignored by the mothers will affect the children’ self efficacy. They might having fears and phobias with adults, feeling insecurities to make friends and become a quiet, gloomy child or involve in bullies. This certainly affects children performance as they grow.

For instance, siblings who show violence in the families of bullies will encourage the children in showing the same aggressive actions towards other children in school (Duncan, 1999). As I remembered, when I tried to snatch television remote control from my younger sister, I accidently pulled her hair. My two years old niece saw that and unexpectedly she tried to imitate our ‘pulling’ hair action with her baby toy. Fortunately, she done that aggressive action to her toy but from this experience and connection to the theory, it will not a surprise if my niece will pull her friend’s hair in preschool later. As mention before, this is because, children observe and imitate adults’ behavior.

Reinforcement and self efficacy which learn by modeling parents’ behavior and action give impact on child development; childhood till adolescence. This is because children will steadily build their self-esteem and self-awareness that influence their life progression. Inspiration of ‘I think I can do it’ will boost their confidence level to socialize with others. When children in kindergarten saw their friends can make an attractive Mother’s Day Card, they think ‘if they can do it, I can do it too’. Hence, they will try hard to make the best card too. As they grow, children need to cope with new challenges and pressure such as making peers, learning new things, personality problems and more. Level of self efficacy and confidence will assist them either they can effectively go through each stage of improvement and growth or they might fail to adjust.

4. How social cognitive theory apply on children from preschool and early primary level?

As mention in this essay, children learn behaviors by observation. Thus, we need to clearly understand the process in observational learning. These process always occur in preschool and early primary stage; 5 to 8 years old in Malaysia. Observational learning is run by four connected processes.

First is Attention Processes. Cognitive system and perceptual ability in children are developing in order to assist them in paying attention to model. They will observe the displayed behavior of model accurately so that they can imitate it some time later. Next is Retention Processes. Children use their cognitive system to remember the models’ behavior so they can imitate it later. Methods of remembering displayed behavior are through either forming mental images or verbal descriptions. Third, Production Processes. The children need to translate the mental image or verbal descriptions same as the displayed models’ action by produce it physically and they will receive feedback from models either they done it correctly or they need some modification. Lastly, Incentive and Motivation Process. After observing the models’ behaviors, children realized that the models will be rewarding either by physical objects, affection or feeling of satisfying come from other person or themselves. Hence, children expecting that if they successfully imitate and perform the models’ action, they will get the same rewards.

Example:

However, Bandura claimed that reinforcement not exactly can stimulate children to learn. Sometimes, reinforcement is not necessary for learning processes to take place but it might be environment factors, emotional factors or curiosity factors of the children themselves to observe, imitate and perform models’ actions.

Although, close models of the children such as parents, caretakers or siblings wish the children grow in positive manners, but children have more tendencies to accurately imitate aggressive behavior of models. According to Bobo Doll Studies conducted by Albert Bandura, it is possible that children can give responses that they never displayed before when they keep observing the models’ behavior. In short, the object in this study was a Bobo Doll and the subjects were a group of preschool children. They watched an adult hit and kick the doll while shouted curse words. 80% of the children were repeating the aggressive actions to the doll when they were left alone with the doll. They imitate the adult behaviors towards the doll and this shows that children can act aggressively as they copy models’ behavior that they saw live, from television and cartoons.

A child modeled aggressive actions towards the doll after observing the model’s actions

In 2012, police of Malaysia released a statistics that 432 youths were arrested due to bullying problems aged between as early as seven to 18. 341 youth aged between 16 and 18, 87 youth aged 13 to 15 and that’s means 4 bullying cases involved seven to 12 years old children! (School bullies getting younger, say police, 2012). According to the report, the highest number of recorded bullying cases among children is Selangor with 66 cases.

The main factor of this problem is influence of family environment which include negativity surroundings, restricted environment and development and chaotic family interactions. Seefeldt, Castle and Falconer (2010) found that children use the image of parents’ social life to start their own effort in life. If the parents displayed good social interaction, the children will progress in life as good as the parents. On the other hand, if the parents demonstrated violent behaviors, the children will imitate it and faces many problems in life. Thus, models need to be careful with their actions; behaviors, attitudes and manners since it give impact on children especially preschool and early primary children.

5. Summary

Social cognitive theory by Albert Bandura focuses on learning of behavior through observation and modeling which in some situation, reinforcement is needed. Reinforcement can be in any form such as food, affection, punishment, limitation or even money. There are three causes of modeling behavior which are models, observers and impact of the imitation.

Cognitive system of children is developing by stages. They go through changes from basic senses development, imaginational skills and sensorimotor slowly shows progression until they move to much challenging phrases, adolescents. Children learn behaviors from parents, siblings’ interactions, teachers’ instructions, television cartoons and other media sources. All of these medium play important roles in children observation and modeling learning.

In observational learning, there are four processes involved; attention, retention, production and incentive and motivational processes.

Result from Bobo Doll studies shows that children can learn all types of behavior, positive manners or negative actions. Hence, the impact of this theory can cause either helpful or harmful behaviors learning.

Bandura studied that behavior learning are connected to cognitive abilities. However his studies excluded the human aspects of personality such as motivation and emotion influence. He also failed to explain precisely on the affect of cognitive abilities on behavior learning.

Children are regarded as precious gifts from God. It is rather curious and unfortunate that these same children are subjected to abuses and neglect. Universally, childhood is recognized as a period of sensitivity requiring special care, attention and protection (Awosola, 2008). Thus, children should know about their rights. However, the children awareness towards their rights is depending on the exposure that they got from the adult. It is the responsibility of the adult to educate the children regarding their rights. In Malaysia, the children are protected under the Child Act 2001 which covers the Juvenile Courts Act 1947, the Women and Young Girls Protection Act 1973, and the Child Protection Act 1991. It was enacted partially in order to fulfill Malaysia’s obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (Convention on the Rights of the Child). The Convention is divided into three parts containing 54 articles. It covers four broad areas of rights. The first is Survival Rights which include adequate living standards and access to medical services. Next is Development Rights that include education, access to information, play, leisure and cultural activities, freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Another area is Protection Rights which cover all forms of exploitation and cruelty, arbitrary separation from family and abuses of the criminal justice system. Last but not least, Participation Rights that include the freedom to express opinions and to have a say in matters affecting a young person’s life. This research is focusing on the right to participate among the pupil. Children’s participation is especially important in fighting their exploitation.

Problem Statement

The awareness towards the children right is important for the children for them to know the things that they deserve to get as children. According to the Convention on the Right of the Child, in participation right the child have three rights, which is right of expression, association and a child’s opinion. These rights can be seen in its practice at home, school and in general the society. This exploratory study was designed to find out the extent to which the primary school children were aware of their rights and practice the right to participate. Although this is a small-scale study with severe limitations with regard to generalization of the findings, it is nevertheless useful, as Melton and Limber (1992) have pointed out, for designing structures and procedures for implementation of children’s rights in a manner that is protective of children’s dignity (Ejieh, 2009).

Research Objectives and Questions
1.3.1 The objectives of this study are:

1) To investigate the level of the primary school pupils’ awareness of

their rights?

2) To explore if child’s rights awareness among pupils are affected by their gender and age?

3) To determine how far the right to participate is exercised.

1.3.2 Research Questions.

This study is set to ask the following questions:

1) Do the pupils know about the existence of children right?

2) Does right to participate are exercise at home, school and society?

2) Does age group influence their level of awareness?

3) Which gender is more aware of their rights?

Scope of Study
1.4.1 Area of Research

The area of research will be the level of awareness on children rights and the exercise of the right to participate among the primary pupils in Smk.St. Mary Limbahau Papar.

Respondents of the research

The respondents for this study are the primary pupils at Smk St.Mary Limbahau Papar. Questionnaires will be distributed randomly to the pupils from different classes.

Duration of the research.

The duration for this study is about two semesters which is about a year. Proposal will be completed at the end of the first 6 months. The questionnaires and findings will be completed in the next 6 months.

Subject of the research

The subject of this study is on the level of awareness of children rights among the primary pupils in Smk.St.Mary Limbahau Papar

Significance of the study

From the research, the level of awareness of children rights among primary pupil can be determined. Apart from that, it also can determine which gender has high level of awareness. Towards the end of this research it will determine how far the right to participate in decision making is exercised. This study is also as a platform to suggest possible ways to increase awareness among the primary pupil.

Definition of Key Terms
1.6.1 Children

According to the Children Act Of 2001, children is a person under the age of eighteen years; and in relation to criminal proceedings, means a person who has attained the age of criminal responsibility

1.6.2 Right

Oxford defines right as a moral or legal claim to have or get or to behave in a particular way.

1.6.3 Children Right

According to Wikipedia, children’s rights are the human rights of children with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to the young, including their right to association with both biological parents, human identity as well as the basic needs for food, universal state-paid education, health care and criminal laws appropriate for the age and development of the child. Interpretations of children’s rights range from allowing children the capacity for autonomous action to the enforcement of children being physically, mentally and emotionally free from abuse, though what constitutes “abuse” is a matter of debate. Other definitions include the rights to care and nurturing.

1.6.4 Convention on the Right of the Child

According to Wikipedia, Convention on the Right of the Child is a human rights treaty setting out the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of children.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW & CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Literature Review

John Fitzgerald Kennedy states that children are the world’s most valuable resource and its best hope for the future (Thinkexist.com: John Fitzgerald Kennedy quotes). The children have to be mould into a shape that would benefit our country in the future. Therefore, to avoid the children from being exploited by irresponsible parties, Children Right has to be promoted to the parties that are closely related to the children life, which are parents and schools. Article 42 of the Convention on the Right of the Child, requires States Parties to publicize its principles and provisions to children, young people, parents and care givers, and every one working with children and young people (Ejieh, 2009). Besides, the children also must be aware about their right. Oduolowu and Ogunyemi (2001) observes that: “There is no duty more important than ensuring that their (children’s) rights are respected, that their welfare is protected, that their lives are free from fear and want and that they grow up in peace”. This study is conducted to determine the level of awareness among the primary pupil and their practice of the right to participate. Article 12 of the Convention specifically states that children have a right to be heard in matters that affect them and to have their opinions taken into account according to their age and level of maturity. Elaborating on the implications of this article UNICEF India (n.d.) states that children and young people have the right to participate in family decisions, in school and class decisions, in faith communities and even in the UN, among other organizations and groups (Ejieh, 2009).

A research conducted by Felicity McArdle and Barbara Piscitelli covers the three variables, such as home or parents, schools or teachers and the society. In their research they visited four schools in the Brisbane region to talk with five to twelve year old children about their rights and to encourage them to depict their views of their rights. They found that parents’ involvement in awareness program is crucial. This is because many parents have a great deal to offer the program in their own life experiences. Always remind the children that, while it is commendable to protect their own rights, they must also consider the rights of others. Make sure they know that having rights also means having responsibilities (Pettman, 1984). Another finding that they got that involving to the teachers support to create awareness in the children. If children are not shown respect for their opinions, interests, and culture, they cannot learn positive ways of interacting with each other and those with whom they come in contact. Many incidents occur when young children need help in resolving conflicts, sharing, dealing with hurt, learning to cooperate and be part of a group. By encouraging a ‘Rights’ environment in the setting, and introducing a ‘Rights’ vocabulary, teachers can assist the children in developing a sense of community, and respect for others’ rights, as well as an awareness of their own rights.

Apart from that, it shows that participation in group games might assist in the understanding of rules and rights. Some rules are for safety, some for cooperation and courtesy, some for protection of people and their rights or property. Many people in our community feel threatened by the idea that children have rights (Piscitelli & Frey, 1997). United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child where it is clearly stated that “…the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and welI being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities in the community” and recognizes “… that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his of her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding (UNICEF, 1997). Participation rights are the most controversial of UNCROC rights, and have often been interpreted as applying only to older children. UNCROC stated that these rights should apply depending “aˆ¦on the age and maturity of the child” (Layland, 2009). Yet other researchers (Carr, 2001; Flekkoy & Kaufman, 1997; Smith, 2000, 2002) have suggested that younger children too are developing agency, and that their learning is enhanced if they are able to exercise it.

By educating the young to participate can bring many benefits to the country in the future. In some countries it has been found that participation by young people not only contributes to building civil society and strengthening democracy but it also, in addition to other benefits, fosters learning and enables them to build life skills (Cook, Blanchet-Cohen, & Hart, 2004). Findings have shown that the training, care and exposure which a child is given at home and school during the formative years have lasting effects on their school achievement (Balli, 1997). This implies that home-school cooperation is very crucial for improved and better behaviour as well as achievement in children’s school subject.

Meanwhile the societies that are sometimes represented by the media are undoubtedly persuasive instruments in man’s struggle for self liberation and development. With respect to child rights issue, the media most especially television medium coverage has been used as weapon of awareness creation (Awosola, 2008). The denial of participation to children also diminishes the society in which they live, whereas the active participation by children has been shown to stimulate community development and change (Hart, 1992).

2.2 Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable

Home

Dependent Variable
Children right awareness and participation
School

Society

Figure 1.0

2.2 Independent Variable

2.2.1 Home

Education begins in the home and continues there through primary school, which is the ideal place for laying the foundation for in all round development type of education (Sarah, 2009). The parent plays important roles to instill the awareness of the child right as they are the closes to their children. The children may have a basis of awareness to the right if their parents are doing their responsibility to educate their children at early age even before the child are at the age of schooling. The practices of right to participate at home are the early steps to give awareness to the children.

2.2.2 School

School is referring to the teachers. They as accredited educators are also responsible to give awareness to the children about their right. This can be seen through an exercise of the right to participate in school activities.

2.2.3 Society

It is also known as community. This refers to the scope other than at home and schools environment. As children are a part of the society, therefore the societies are responsible to provide awareness of the children right.

2.3 Dependent Variable

Awareness of the children towards their rights is dependent on the people closely related to them which are their parents, teachers and the society. The level of awareness can be seen in the practice of one of their rights, that is, right to participate.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHOD
Research design

For the purpose of this study, the research design will be distribution of questionnaires. The research demands for information from the pupil. Type of approach is supplemented by a questionnaire survey.

Unit of analysis

This study is to know about the level of awareness of Children Right among primary pupil, thus the unit of analysis will be primary pupil in SMK.ST.Mary Limbahau Papar.

Sample size

The sample size for the study is 100 respondents.

Sampling technique

SMK.st.Mary Limbahau Papar will be selected for detailed analysis on the level of awareness of Children Right among primary pupil. The type of sampling is convenient sampling which involve selection on the unit of analysis. In addition, there will be a predetermined quota for male and female.

Measurement or Instrumentation

The questionnaire will be structured into 3 sections.

Data Collection

Basically, there are two method used for the collection. Those are primary data collection and secondary data collection. Primary data is a data which collected originally by the researcher based on his effort. Example, the data for this study will be collected through questionnaire to the focus group. This method was chosen because the designed questionnaire could be sent personally to them in a limited time and they have to return it back on that time. While, secondary data is the information which is already in existence that related to the study. It includes the data from the journal, book, and internet search. For this study, both of the data collection method is being used so that it will be help in term of an understanding and the accuracy of information that will be received.

Data Analysis

The data analysis for this study conducted through ‘Statistical Package for Social Science’ software or SPSS version 17.0 which use the descriptive analysis and also crosstab. SPSS will be used as medium to analyze the data where the raw will be entered in the computer as a data file. By using the tools, any missing value can easily be identified. The tool will help in analyzing data such as table, figure also percentage.

Childcare robots are being manufactured and developed with the long term aim of creating surrogate carers. While total childcare is not yet being promoted, there are indications that it is ‘on the cards’. We examine recent research and developments in childcare robots and speculate on progress over the coming years by extrapolating from other ongoing robotics work. Our main aim is to raise ethical questions about the part or full-time replacement of primary carers.

The questions are about human rights, privacy, robot use of restraint, deception of children and accountability. But the most pressing ethical issues throughout the paper concern the consequences for the psychological and emotional wellbeing of children. We set these in the context of the child development literature on the pathology and causes of attachment disorders. We then consider the adequacy of current legislation and international ethical guidelines on the protection of children from the overuse of robot care.Who’s to say that at some distant moment there might be an assembly line producing a gentle product in the form of a grandmother – whose stock in trade is love.

From I Sing the Body Electric, Twilight Zone, Series 3, Episode 35, 1960aˆˆ

Introduction

no one can deny that technology play a big role in our daily life , technonolgy reached above the predicted limits, one of the latest technologies is robot nannies . is it future or fiction? Can robot nanny be as good as human nanny? What is advantages and disadvantages of robot nannies? What is the current capabilities of robot nannies. All of this is important must be asked and consdired in applying robot nannies; Sharkey and Sharkey included all o this in their interesting paperpaper.

the distinction between attachment (bond formation) and expectations of availability and responsiveness (security) within attachment relationships has many factors to consider in comparison first the current technologies and abilities of robots as every day new technology occurs and new capabilities added to robot nannies , until this moment available technology capable to produce part time child carer (robot nanny) so bonds now is completely focused on human as the current technology is not capable to produce nannies with this capabilities.

Besides that robots as attachment figures until now is very limited according to robots technology although robot nannies may be used for old adults as well not only children

Psychological damage must be consdired as well is robot nannies is dangerous for children what are the risks of using robot nannies? and also deception of the producing company and the parents can not be neglected ; to be more specific deception that theproducing company is afraid of misuse of the robot nannies and the parents deception in robot capabilities.

Literature review

According to [1] Robots are similar to standard toys, video games and medicine; the main point of similarity that all of them have usage regulation and some guidance; for an example “Not recommended for children under X years old”, “Do not use without the supervision of an adult”, or “Do not use for long periods of time”

[2] stated that robots are intelligent machines which cause no physical harm and also protect the child ; but psychological harm isn’t that simple to avoid because it depends on many other factors such as the child’s predispositions or even to insensitive parenting.

Also[1] stated Children under 5 years old could be damaged psychologically due to the extended use of robots in caring ,specially when the the robot is a main care giver, unfortunetly many parents would do this which leads to un balanced emotional and social development for the child; on the contrary according to [1] there isn’t any psychological damage to children above 5 years old when the interaction between the child and robot is regulated properly , in this case the interaction is very useful for the child and the parents. The main useful usage of the robot when the parents are busy the robot nanny will fill this gap with their children increase the child curiosity in many fields such as science , technology and creativity in general. Also robot nannies will occupy the child time such that child will be much more entertained at home which protect him from bad influences (e.g. street gangs and drug dealers);

As result , the robot as a nanny has different effect on the child according to the child age therefore , usage regulations must be analyzed depending on child’s age.

There are many points w must consider and analyze it well to avoid misuse of robot nanny for the safety of the child.

One of these points is the ethical usage of stored data and information the main point w must concern as stated in Sharkey and sharkey’s article the children’s privacy , to be more specific pictures and videos taken by robots must be analyzed and used well therefore parents have to control this data not anyone else to make the point more clear for an example robots will store children activities in school as the children must have privacy these public recordings must be destroyed but as I mentioned only home robots can store data and be under supervision of the parents otherwise the same the criteria must be applied. As a result of these points concerning privacy must be law enforced and also force specific regulations to these stored data

One of the major problems that robot nanny might help fixing it is that the child is left by himself for a long time according to [1] the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, “Every Day thousands of children arrive home from school to an empty house. Every week thousands of parents make decisions to leave children home alone while they go to work, run errands, or for social engagements. It is estimated over 40% of children are left home at some time, though rarely overnight aˆ¦” (AACAP, 2009).

Also the USA 2002 Census survey 9.75% of all children between the ages of five and fourteen years spending between 2-9 hours home alone (Overturf, 2005).

Children affected by this situation are called latchkey children: “latchkey kid or latchkey child refers to a child who returns from school to an empty home because his or her parent or parents are away at work or a child who is often left at home with little or no parental supervision” (Wikipedia, 2009).

As result of this improper care occur to the child causing physiological damage from being continuously left home alone with no one to talk with ,therefore they become socially isolated also this problem can get much bigger rustling higher levels of behaviour problems as mertens [1] stated problems such as depression, and lower levels of self esteem than other children.

Also the child become totally unprotected from alcohol and drug abuse and also from the emergencies as the child is left alone most of the time; it is stated [1] that these physiological damage are more often to latchkey children.

One of the effects on the child future career is that their academic efficiency is 10% lower especially in middle grade than the others that are properly are cared and raised by their parents.

As the majority of parents ignore published medical guidelines (van dewater etal, 2007) they will also ignore robots guidelines as well[7]; S&S investigate do parents get back from their work to their child, to be around their child and give them attention the answer is the majority of parents can’t do that. Therefore robots could be a useful tool used as compliment for human care not a replacement because robots can’t handle emergencies there for someone responsible must be there but robots w supply attention without stress or exhaustion.

Robots are not as same as dogs and TVs that they respond to children according to their actions but one of major difference between robots and human that robots are following system of rules which make them predictable to the child but we must concern that robots increase the attention defects to the child which increase bonding issues with parents and friends as TV

The child ability to form friendship, romantic relation and generally dealing with the society is based on their ability to bond with their parents. So if the child is raised by a robot and most of the time he interact with it , the child will be used to deal with predictable reactions and will prefer dealing with machines to human because he won’t understand human way of thinking because he is not used to it

“There is a very real chance that protracted experience of AI Might in fact enhance a child’s understanding of themselves and what it means to be human” (Bryson & Kime, 1998).

Besides these physiological damages the child is bored most of the time which make him to try to access adult websites and it become much easier for the child because the lack of surveillance and also the phenomena of pregnant teens will occur much more due to improper parental control.

So we have to fight these problems as [1] introduced that “. Robots, together

With other mechanisms, such as after school community programs, could play an Important role in avoiding or reducing these situations. As already mentioned, the

Availability of a robot nanny to interact with children can be very beneficial for them. The robot nanny can provide entertainment, companionship, supervision

And educational support (motivation, information, housework support, help with repetitive exercises, language training, etc.), and even moral advice, although probably not in the near future.

Attachment

According to [3] attachment is significant relationship completely different than friendship and any other type of relation. [3] Stated that attachment is specified by 6 main points which is preference, familiarity, (relative uniqueness, identity, use as a secure base, and grief and mourning in response to loss. uncertainty is one of the main points that made attachment figures more preferred than others.

The difference between robots attachment and human relationships that robots consternate on very few variables in the attachment with one person such as availability and responsiveness , but human relation has very large range of variable and dimensions that rule the relation like neighbours ,friends , classmates and relatives not only for few people as robots .

Besides human can differentiate between identities very good not as robots following rules that is fixed because human is not fixed their availability and responsiveness depends on their mood and this robots wouldn’t understand it in these day with current available technology

According to [3] attachment figure is someone who is used as secure base which robot trust their actions and activities and follow their orders; therefore attachment figures is a good step in robots as a nannies besides attachment figure play a big role in development and adaption of robots.

Finally as robots don’t really understand relationships because only human brain understand these reltin so robots use attachment as replacement for relationships which robots difrreniciate attachment by distinctive response of human.

Therefore robots are not replacement for parents despite they protect the child from any physical harm but psychological harm cannot be neglected; physiological damage can be avoided as much as possible be calling for discussions with the parents and scientists.

Insecurity [3]

Robots are supplementary carers can support confident expectations of availability and responsiveness (secure attachment); as illustrated in [5] robot and parents can be explained by great example which id doctor and nurse relationship; the doctor (parent) give order and totally responsible for the decisions but the nurse (robot) only follow the instructions that the doctor had given. Therefore as explained robots must be supervised and given orders to operate well. So robots give results to the parents and sometimes in emergencies it call parents which is perfect ability which make parents more comfortable .

Finally reports are very good complementing for the parents not replacement

Deception will be largely self imposed

According to [4] robots as a start will be sold as toys and surveillance devices not as parents aiding devices; companies will do that in the beginning as a test for robots and not be responsible for any damage besides a warning sticker will be put on the robot as any other device “This device is not a toy and should only be used with adult supervision,”

Or “This device is provided for entertainment only. It should not be considered educational or to replace responsible supervision.” But shortly human will find robots a good nanny to leave there children with as they leave them with TVs, dogs and other children.

In addition to warning sticker is required to specify maximum time to leave the child with the robot but as always it will be ignored as child games and TV unless the children might get addicted to this machine.

Robot nanny’s sensors [5]
If anything, robot nannies should sense children’s emotions; cf. Donovan et al. (1978) and Siciliano & Khatib (2008, Chapter 58). As Dautenhahn, Bond, Canam ero, & Edmonds (2002, p. 6) stated: “Agents that can recognize a user’s emotions,
Robot nannies display meaningful emotional expressions, and behave in ways that are perceived as coherent, intentional, responsive, and socially/emotionally appropriate, can make important contributions towards achieving human-computer interaction that is more ‘natural’, believable, and enjoyable to the human partner.” This statement is in line with the general notion that emotions are the missing link in AI and human-robot interaction (Broek et al., 2010; Healey & Picard, 2005; Picard, 1997).
Emotions cannot be ignored; they influence us, be it consciously or unconsciously, in a wide variety of ways (Picard, 1997; Vinciarelli, Pantic, & Bourlard, 2009):long term physical well being; e.g. cardiovascular issues (Frederickson, Manusco, Branigan, & Tugade, 2000) and our immune system (Ader, Cohen, & Felten, 1995); physiological reactions/biosignals (Agrawal, Liu, & Sarkar, 2008; Broek et al., 2010; Donovan et al., 1978); e.g. as present in communication; cognitive processes; e.g. perceiving, memory, reasoning (Critchley, Elliott, Mathias, & Dolan, 2000); and behavior (Vinciarelli et al., 2009); e.g. facial expressions, speech (Gelder, 2009; Zeng, Pantic, Roisman, & Huang, 2009), movements, and touch (Bailenson, Yee, Brave, Merget, & Koslow, 2007; Gelder, 2009; Poppe, 2010).
Children, being in development, are more vulnerable to influences on each of
these levels than adults are.
Automated emotion recognition, also known as affective computing, can be realized through the recording of various signals that humans transmit continuously (Broek et al., 2010; Picard, 1997; Vinciarelli et al., 2009) and that can be perceived through a robot nanny’s interface; see Figure 1. As Sharkey & Sharkey (2010) mention, the most often employed techniques comprise computer vision, movement analysis, and speech processing. However, each of these techniques, has its drawbacks, in particular in ambulatory settings such as those of robot nannies:recording and processing of facial expressions assessed through computer vision techniques suffer from changes in light; e.g. causing a lack of contrast or shadows (Zeng et al., 2009; Gunes & Piccardi, 2009)movement analysis requires continuous tracking, which is often not feasible in practice (Gunes & Piccardi, 2009; Poppe, 2010), and speech processing (Broek, Schut, Westerink, & Tuinenbreijer, 2009; Zeng et al., 2009) suffers from severe distortions (e.g. environmental noise, multiple voices in parallel).
These concerns limit the feasibility of emotion recognition by robot nannies significantly. Hence, either other signals need to be identified for emotion recognition or emotion recognition in the wild is not possible (Broek et al., 2010). A possible solution lays in what William James already noted in 1893, humans are psycho neuro physical mechanisms, who both send and perceive biosignals that can be captured; e.g. electromyography, electrocardiography, and electrodermal activity. These biosignals can also be used to reveal a range of characteristics of people, among which are emotions (Broek et al., 2010; Friedman, 2010; Healey & Picard, 2005; Picard, 1997).
Biosignals have the additional advantage that they are free from social masking (Broek et al., 2010). Moreover, nowadays, they can be measured by non invasive unobtrusive sensors, which makes them suited for child care (Broek et al., 2010; Thiemjarus & Yang, 2006). So, biosignals could act as an interface between infants and their robot nanny (see also Figure 1, which could provide robot nannies with the information to develop empathic abilities.
However, it should be noted that biosignals, computer vision, movement analysis, and speech processing have some other serious drawbacks. The children differ in how their emotions and the accompanying signals are related (Stemmler & Wacker, 2010). Moreover, their personality can play a significant role in how the emotions are expressed through biosignals (Broek et al., 2009; Stemmler & Wacker, 2010).
Although combinations of either computer vision and speech (Zeng et al., 2009), computer vision and movements/touch (Gunes & Piccardi, 2009), computer vision and biosignals (Bailenson et al., 2008), or speech and biosignals (Broek et al., 2009) are still rare, initial results are promising. Hence, such a triangulation of emotions could possibly be a solution to the problems mentioned (Broek et al., 2010), which make the development of a robot nanny’s interface (see Figure 1) very complex. However, as with most research towards affective computing, these studies were conducted in (semi ) controlled environments. One of the rare truly ambulatory studies conducted illustrates the complexities that arise with affective computing in the wild (Healey & Picard, 2005). Hence, it is unknown to what extent they are of use in ambulatory settings such as those in which child care takes place.
More recently, brain computer interfaces (BCI) have became popular (Gerven et al., 2009; Nijholt et al., 2008). BCI can be considered as advanced, massively parallel biosignal (e.g. EEG) recording and (real time) processing. BCI could be an interesting interface for robot nannies since significant results have already been reported in neuroscience concerning emotions (Gelder, 2009); e.g. with respect to mirror neurons, as is also mentioned by Sharkey & Sharkey (2010). This new field of research is starting to develop its guidelines (Gerven et al., 2009), and massive investments are being made to ensure future progress. However, so far, BCI has not redeemed its promises and is too obtrusive and noise sensitive for ambulatory applications such as robot nannies.
?µ. Conclusions
With this discussion on robot nannies, a range of aspects of AI were taken into
account; see also Figure 1. Once more, it was illustrated how brittle AI’s advances
are. In particular, the lack of integration of various paradigms and processing
schemes is striking. AI seems to be scattered in itself and knowledge transfer
between its subfields is limited. To enable the determination of (lack of) progress,
recently, an initiative on benchmarks for human-robot interaction was launched
(MacDorman & Kahn, 2007). Specific benchmarks should be developed for robot
nannies. Such benchmarks would facilitate the development of a general prog-
ress indicator for robot nannies and for AI and robotics in general; cf. Siciliano &
Khatib (2008, e.g. Chapter 50).
As Sharkey & Sharkey (2010, p. 177) state, “While it seems unlikely that a robot
could show a sufficient level of sensitivity to engender secure attachment, it could
be argued that the robot is only be standing in for the mother in the same way
as a human nanny stands in. But a poor nanny can also cause emotional or psy-
chological damage to a child.”. Regrettably, no other conclusion can be drawn than
that good, reliable robot nannies are beyond current state-of-the-art AI. Even with
the progress ahead and vast investments being made, it is questionable whether
the time will come when robot nannies will take care of children. So, the question
remains, will robot nannies be something of the future or will they remain fiction?
In summary, we believe that the use of robots for childcare needs to be regulated
and that studies such as the one presented in the paper under analysis present
important elements and concepts to be used in the discussion of the specific regu-
lations. We also think that it is very important to analyze carefully the pros and
cons of using robots for childcare. In the case of latchkey children, older than five
years old, we feel that the use of robots for childcare could be very beneficial.
Isaac Asimov’s (1940) short story ‘Strange Playfellow’ describes how a young girl
called Gloria forms a strong attachment bond towards Robbie, her robotic carer.
Even with the nearly 70 years of technological development since ‘Strange Play-
fellow’ was published, robots with the capability of Robbie are still an unrealisable
fiction. In highlighting this reality gap between possible future aspirations for
robotic carers and their present potential, Sharkey and Sharkey have stimulated
interaction between robotics and attachment study, and helped clarify what are
worthwhile and achievable aims for current research. Considering how and why
currently achievable robots might fail as carers for human infants is to the advan-
tage of both robotics and attachment theory. This is because to answer these
questions involves firstly considering the developmental requirements for, and
functions of, attachment relationships, and then considering how human carers
fulfill these requirements and functions.
Although robots will not be effective sole carers of infants in the near term,
they may find useful roles in extending the range and quality of care that humans
can provide and enriching childhood exploration and also in providing care for
older adults and individuals with special needs. We agree that each of these appli-
cations has ethical dimensions, even if the stakes for robotic carers are less high,
and may avoid the hazards which Sharkey and Sharkey set out in their interesting
analysis. Many existing examples of human-robot interaction involve only short
term interactions. Sharkey and Sharkey have taken a useful step toward explor-
ing the full range of robot human interactions and promoting interdisciplinary
collaboration.
Refrences

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Kubinyi, E.; Pongracz, P.; Miklosi, Adam.” Can you kill a HYPERLINK “http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/viewarticle?data=dGJyMPPp44rp2/dV0+njisfk5Ie45PFItam2SbOk63nn5Kx95uXxjL6nsEevqq1KrqeuOK+wrky4p684zsOkjPDX7Ivf2fKB7eTnfLunsk+3qbdOsKexPurX7H+72+w+4ti7jeTepIzf3btZzJzfhrurr1G2qa9Js5zkh/Dj34y73POE6urjkPIA&hid=12?robotHYPERLINK “http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/viewarticle?data=dGJyMPPp44rp2/dV0+njisfk5Ie45PFItam2SbOk63nn5Kx95uXxjL6nsEevqq1KrqeuOK+wrky4p684zsOkjPDX7Ivf2fKB7eTnfLunsk+3qbdOsKexPurX7H+72+w+4ti7jeTepIzf3btZzJzfhrurr1G2qa9Js5zkh/Dj34y73POE6urjkPIA&hid=12” HYPERLINK “http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/viewarticle?data=dGJyMPPp44rp2/dV0+njisfk5Ie45PFItam2SbOk63nn5Kx95uXxjL6nsEevqq1KrqeuOK+wrky4p684zsOkjPDX7Ivf2fKB7eTnfLunsk+3qbdOsKexPurX7H+72+w+4ti7jeTepIzf3btZzJzfhrurr1G2qa9Js5zkh/Dj34y73POE6urjkPIA&hid=12?nanny?HYPERLINK “http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/viewarticle?data=dGJyMPPp44rp2/dV0+njisfk5Ie45PFItam2SbOk63nn5Kx95uXxjL6nsEevqq1KrqeuOK+wrky4p684zsOkjPDX7Ivf2fKB7eTnfLunsk+3qbdOsKexPurX7H+72+w+4ti7jeTepIzf3

When a child is lacking the bond with their caregiver, they don’t have the ability to for or even maintain loving relationships. They’re raised with a damaged ability to trust therefore they believe they can only depend on themselves. They do not believe the world is a safe place of that the people around them care for them. Attachment disorders are stemmed from abuse, neglect, insensitive care, psychological disturbances, unresolved family-of-origin issues and even substance abuse. For example, a baby begins crying because they are hungry. Instead of feeding the baby, the mother becomes irritated and yells at them to stop crying. The baby begins crying louder in hopes that their mother will understand and satisfy their hunger. Instead the mothers slaps the child and they’re immediately quiet. While the baby was upset his needs ended up being fulfilled by abuse. Abuse replaces the nourishment that baby needs. From then on the baby will expect abuse instead of nourishment and that is typically what they will get. The child has learned to trust himself and no one else to fulfill their needs. (When Bonding Is Broken 3) Attachment disorders may also form when an infant has too many caregivers. The infant doesn’t get a chance to realize who their primary caregiver is. They are tossed between different people and are never able to form a deep connection with anyone. In the book, Can This Child Be Saved, Cathy Helding says that “an unattached child is a danger to himself and society. He has no sense of belonging to anyone, nor anyone to himaˆ¦ he lives by his whims and unchecked impulses. He does whatever he feels like with no regard for othersaˆ¦ he is unable to internalize right and wrong.” (When Bonding is Broken 4) The child has no conscience that tells him before he does something wrong, that it will have bad consequences. Children with an attachment disorder often hurt family members physically, threaten to kill or harm them with no sign of guilt. As they get older they will often express anger when they are forced to deal with consequences for their actions.

If an attachment disorder is caught while the child is still an infant, it can easily be treated. Some common symptoms in infants are avoiding eye contact or not smiling. They will also reject any efforts to calm, soothe or connect with them. Infants will also seem to not notice or care when they are left alone. Infants are known to coo and make many different sounds but an infant with an attachment disorder will not do that. (Early Warning Signs) An older child may flinch or say “Ow” when they are touched. Typically when a child is touched it is supposed to have a positive reaction but instead the child feels threatened. They will also go out of their way to be in control all the time and often become angry when they can’t be. Children with RAD will have a difficulty showing genuine care and affection. Many families who adopt say that they don’t feel closeness with their child and this is because of the attachment disorder. All of these symptoms are because of abuse and neglect when they child was a newborn-infant.

The most important thing to do once symptoms are notice is find the right kind of treatment. Every child is different so what may work for one might not work for the next. The first thing the primary caregiver needs to be aware of is prior family issues. (Corrective Attachment Parenting) Primary caregivers also need to know that traditional therapy is ineffective. Traditional therapy aims to change certain behaviors and is extremely unsuccessful with children who have an attachment disorder. During attachment therapy the attention is taken away from negative behaviors. It’s better to look at the negative behavior as a way for the child to protect themselves instead of the child just being bad. When a child is having hard times they need to be close to the caregiver so they can receive help. The child needs to learn that their caregiver is there for them when they are having troubled times. Being punished or sent to their room won’t always help. In fact, it could make it worse. When there is a problem the caregiver should take charge but still remain calm. Yelling will only make matters worse. That doesn’t mean the child should get away with everything. If a child does need to be disciplined then it should be done but the caregiver needs to be sure to reconnect with the child afterwards. It is also very important for the caregiver to own up to a mistake and fix it. The willingness to take responsibility and make amends can strengthen the weak bond between the child and their caregiver. (Repairing Reactive Attachment Disorder) There is a lot of stress that comes with a child who has an attachment disorder. Sometimes it is so great that the child may require out-of-home placement.

In a case study done by Margot Richters, PH.D. and Fred Volkmar, MD, Shannon was evaluated and diagnosed with an attachment disorder after being placed in child protective services. Other children had died due to unknown reasons while under the care of Shannon’s mother. Shannon and two other children had been placed in child protective services after unexplained injuries. After examination Shannon looked much smaller than she stated. She was extremely underweight due to malnourishment while living with her mother. Socially, Shannon did not understand turn-taking or how to interact with other children her age. She was withdrawn and couldn’t easily engage with others. She was also diagnosed with depression and anxiety. After being taken care of properly and undergoing attachment therapy she started showing signs of improvement. She was noticeably happier and began playing with others. (Reactive Attachment Disorder) Through therapy and a loving environment, Shannon was able to begin forming healthy relationships.

Margot Richters, PH.D. and Fred Volkmar, MD also did another case study on an eight year old boy, Jimmy. Jimmy grew up in a military family so he did a lot of moving around. His family life was poor and his parents got a divorce when he was younger. Between the ages of three and eight Jimmy lived a hectic life. He moved between his mother and father before child protective services sent him to live with his father after they investigated his mother for child abuse. Jimmy’s father noticed a change in his sons’ personality after the move. Jimmy was very aggressive and needed constant supervision. Jimmy also displayed an extreme dislike when he was touched. (Reactive Attachment Disorder) Through therapy and constant love from his father, Jimmy began working towards becoming a different child.

Twelve percent of adopted children have been diagnosed with attachment disorder. (Social and Emotional Well Being) With a nurturing environment a child can get past their attachment disorder and learn to trust and form healthy relationships. Younger children can form a bond by non-negotiable closeness with their primary caregiver. No matter how severe the attachment disorder is, children do have the ability to heal and form healthier attachments. The sooner the healing process begins, the sooner they can start to live their life with a healthier outlook. Children need an environment where they will be nurtured and are able to develop trusting relationships. Medication can be used to treat associated issues but there is no quick fix for an attachment disorder.